The Arecaceae (palms) is an ancient monocotyledon family primarily distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Despite their evolutionary importance, their physiology and ecology are poorly studied. Given ongoing habitat loss and climate change, understand their functional strategies, particularly drought tolerance, and their relationship with climate, is critical for predicting future scenarios. Leaf water potential at turgor loss point (Ψtlp) is a widely recognized physiological proxy of drought tolerance, traditionally derived from pressure-volume (PV) curves, a time-consuming method with technical constraints. As a result, Ψtlp data are available for only a few palm species out of approximately 2,500. Recently, the osmometric method has emerged as a rapid and reliable approach for estimating Ψtlp, however, it has never been tested on palms. Moreover, integrating Ψtlp with leaf economics and size traits could improve our understanding of species-specific ecological strategies and their climatic drivers, yet such comprehensive analysis is lacking for palms. This Thesis investigates the coordination between leaf water relations, economic and size traits of 11 Arecaceae species from different climatic regions, with the aims of (1) validating the osmometric method for fast estimation of drought tolerance in palms, (2) characterizing their ecological strategies by calculating the functional trait space, and (3) testing the relationships between functional traits and climatic variables. To this end, I measured Ψtlp using both PV curves and osmometric method (Ψtlp_PV and Ψtlp_WP4, respectively) on the 11 species. Additionally I calculated other water relation parameters, namely the osmotic potential at full turgor (π0_pv), the relative water content at turgor loss point (RWCtlp) and the bulk modulus of elasticity (ε), as well as morphological and economic traits, such as leaf area (LA), leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf thickness (LT) and vein length per unit of leaf area (VLA). Statistical analysis included model selection for osmometric method validation, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to describe the functional trait space and Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares (PGLS) method to analyze trait-climate relationships while accounting for evolutionary relatedness. Climatic data were retrieved from CHELSA database and species-specific bioclimatic means were calculated from GBIF occurrence records. The osmometric method was successfully validated against PV curves for estimating π0_PV and Ψtlp_PV. The best model showed strong predictive power for both π0_PV (R2adj=0.70) and Ψtlp_PV (R2adj=0.75 with LDMC as additional variable). PCA showed that palms functional space can be described by three independent dimensions. PC1 mainly described a leaf economic-hydraulic gradient; PC2 represented the leaf size gradient, while PC3 described the trade-off between water use strategies and dehydration tolerance mechanisms. Trait-climate relationships confirmed the role of environment in shaping functional traits, with LA positively related to precipitation during the driest and coldest periods, and LMA negatively related to annual precipitation. Drought tolerance was associated with colder minimum temperature, while RWCtlp decreased with increasing precipitation seasonality. These findings provide a first comprehensive characterization of water relations and functional traits in Arecaceae, demonstrating the validity of the osmometric method for this family. The observed functional trait space allows a better understanding of their ecological strategies. Trait-climate relationships highlight the vulnerability of certain species, especially those from tropical regions and with less negative Ψtlp. Despite the limited sample size, this Thesis contributes to filling the knowledge gap regarding drought responses and ecological strategies in palms, opening the way for future studies.
Le Arecaceae (palme) sono una famiglia di antiche monocotiledoni, diffuse prevalentemente nelle regioni tropicali e subtropicali. Nonostante la loro rilevanza evolutiva risultano poco studiate e, alla luce dell’attuale perdita di habitat e cambiamenti climatici, comprendere le loro strategie funzionali e relazioni con il clima, è fondamentale per prevedere scenari futuri. Il potenziale idrico fogliare al punto di perdita di turgore (Ψtlp) è un indicatore fisiologico chiave della tolleranza all’aridità; tradizionalmente misurato con curve pressione-volume (PV), metodo dispendioso in termini di tempo e con limitazioni tecniche. Di conseguenza, Ψtlp è noto solo per poche delle 2500 specie di palme. Di recente, il metodo osmometrico è emerso come approccio rapido per la stima del Ψtlp, tuttavia, non è mai stato testato sulle palme. L'integrazione del Ψtlp con tratti economici e dimensionali delle foglie approfondisce le strategie ecologiche e le relazioni con il clima; tuttavia, mancano studi sulle palme. Questa tesi indaga la coordinazione tra relazioni idriche fogliari, i tratti economici e dimensionali di 11 specie di Arecaceae provenienti da diverse regioni climatiche, con gli obiettivi di (1) validare il metodo osmometrico per la stima della tolleranza all’aridità, (2) caratterizzare le loro strategie ecologiche calcolando lo spazio dei tratti funzionali e (3) testare le relazioni tra i tratti funzionali e le variabili climatiche. A tal fine, ho misurato Ψtlp utilizzando sia le curve PV che il metodo osmometrico (rispettivamente Ψtlp_PV e Ψtlp_WP4). Inoltre, ho misurato altri parametri delle relazioni idriche, come il potenziale osmotico a pieno turgore (π0_PV), il contenuto idrico relativo al punto di perdita di turgore (RWCtlp) e il modulo di elasticità (ε), nonché tratti morfologici ed economici, come l’area fogliare (LA), la massa fogliare per unità di area (LMA), il contenuto di materia secca fogliare (LDMC), lo spessore fogliare (LT) e la lunghezza delle venature per unità di area fogliare (VLA). L’analisi statistica ha incluso la selezione di modelli per validare il metodo osmometrico, l’Analisi delle Componenti Principali (PCA) per descrivere lo spazio dei tratti funzionali e il metodo dei Minimi Quadrati Generalizzati Filogenetici (PGLS) per analizzare le relazioni tra tratti e clima considerando le relazioni evolutive. Il metodo osmometrico è stato validato con successo rispetto alle curve PV per la stima π0_PV e Ψtlp_PV. Il miglior modello ha mostrato un’elevata capacità predittiva sia per π0_PV (R2adj = 0,70) che per Ψtlp_PV (R2adj = 0,75 includendo LDMC). PCA ha dimostrato che lo spazio funzionale delle palme può essere descritto da tre dimensioni indipendenti. PC1 descrive un gradiente economico-idraulico fogliare; PC2 rappresenta il gradiente di dimensione fogliare, mentre PC3 descrive il trade-off tra strategie di utilizzo dell’acqua e meccanismi di tolleranza all’aridità. Le relazioni tratto-clima hanno confermato il ruolo dell’ambiente nel modellare i tratti funzionali, con LA correlata positivamente alle precipitazioni nei periodi più aridi e freddi, e LMA correlata negativamente alle precipitazioni annuali. La tolleranza all’aridità è risultata associata a temperature minime più basse, mentre RWCtlp diminuisce all’aumentare della stagionalità delle precipitazioni. Questi risultati forniscono la prima caratterizzazione completa delle relazioni idriche e dei tratti funzionali nelle palme, validando il metodo osmometrico anche per questa famiglia. Lo spazio dei tratti funzionali chiarisce le loro strategie ecologiche, mentre le relazioni tra tratti funzionali e clima evidenziano la vulnerabilità di alcune specie tropicali e con Ψtlp meno negativo. Pur con un campione limitato, questa tesi contribuisce a colmare il divario di conoscenze sulle risposte all’aridità e strategie ecologiche delle Arecaceae, aprendo la strada a studi futuri.
Coordination of leaf water relations, economic, and size traits across climatic origins in 11 Arecaceae species
DAL GOBBO, GIULIA
2025/2026
Abstract
The Arecaceae (palms) is an ancient monocotyledon family primarily distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Despite their evolutionary importance, their physiology and ecology are poorly studied. Given ongoing habitat loss and climate change, understand their functional strategies, particularly drought tolerance, and their relationship with climate, is critical for predicting future scenarios. Leaf water potential at turgor loss point (Ψtlp) is a widely recognized physiological proxy of drought tolerance, traditionally derived from pressure-volume (PV) curves, a time-consuming method with technical constraints. As a result, Ψtlp data are available for only a few palm species out of approximately 2,500. Recently, the osmometric method has emerged as a rapid and reliable approach for estimating Ψtlp, however, it has never been tested on palms. Moreover, integrating Ψtlp with leaf economics and size traits could improve our understanding of species-specific ecological strategies and their climatic drivers, yet such comprehensive analysis is lacking for palms. This Thesis investigates the coordination between leaf water relations, economic and size traits of 11 Arecaceae species from different climatic regions, with the aims of (1) validating the osmometric method for fast estimation of drought tolerance in palms, (2) characterizing their ecological strategies by calculating the functional trait space, and (3) testing the relationships between functional traits and climatic variables. To this end, I measured Ψtlp using both PV curves and osmometric method (Ψtlp_PV and Ψtlp_WP4, respectively) on the 11 species. Additionally I calculated other water relation parameters, namely the osmotic potential at full turgor (π0_pv), the relative water content at turgor loss point (RWCtlp) and the bulk modulus of elasticity (ε), as well as morphological and economic traits, such as leaf area (LA), leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf thickness (LT) and vein length per unit of leaf area (VLA). Statistical analysis included model selection for osmometric method validation, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to describe the functional trait space and Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares (PGLS) method to analyze trait-climate relationships while accounting for evolutionary relatedness. Climatic data were retrieved from CHELSA database and species-specific bioclimatic means were calculated from GBIF occurrence records. The osmometric method was successfully validated against PV curves for estimating π0_PV and Ψtlp_PV. The best model showed strong predictive power for both π0_PV (R2adj=0.70) and Ψtlp_PV (R2adj=0.75 with LDMC as additional variable). PCA showed that palms functional space can be described by three independent dimensions. PC1 mainly described a leaf economic-hydraulic gradient; PC2 represented the leaf size gradient, while PC3 described the trade-off between water use strategies and dehydration tolerance mechanisms. Trait-climate relationships confirmed the role of environment in shaping functional traits, with LA positively related to precipitation during the driest and coldest periods, and LMA negatively related to annual precipitation. Drought tolerance was associated with colder minimum temperature, while RWCtlp decreased with increasing precipitation seasonality. These findings provide a first comprehensive characterization of water relations and functional traits in Arecaceae, demonstrating the validity of the osmometric method for this family. The observed functional trait space allows a better understanding of their ecological strategies. Trait-climate relationships highlight the vulnerability of certain species, especially those from tropical regions and with less negative Ψtlp. Despite the limited sample size, this Thesis contributes to filling the knowledge gap regarding drought responses and ecological strategies in palms, opening the way for future studies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/112448