Price-to-book (P/B) and price-to-tangible equity (P/TE) ratios are well-established topics of study in the banking literature, which uses them as indicators of investors' valuations of banks. For this reason, the literature on these ratios has primarily focused on identifying their determinants and, through comparisons across periods, using them to uncover evolutions in bank valuation methods over time. After providing a historical and theoretical overview of the two ratios and bank valuation, this study —limited to the scope of large European universal banks— pursues the following objectives: (I) to discover whether bank valuation has changed since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, (II) to identify the common characteristics of banks with higher P/B and P/TE ratios, and (III) to identify the factors banks should address to improve their P/B and P/TE ratios. The answer to Question I (ivi, §6.1 to 6.6), developed using data from a time-fixed effects (T-FE) regression, reveals that bank valuations have not changed substantially since 2020, but that, due to regulatory and monetary changes, the variables associated with banks with better ratios have partially changed, primarily due to a profound shift in the identification of banking risk, from a concept based on capital ownership to one more sensitive to credit risk. The answer to Question II (ivi, §6.1 to 6.3), obtained using the same model as the previous question, consists in identifying the variables that have maintained an unchanged association over time with the P/B and P/TE ratios; These are: size (-), dividends (+), net interest margin (+), and net income/RWA (+). This last variable, as an alternative to ROE, improves the R2-within statistic of T-FE regressions, as it captures otherwise unobservable bank and country-specific characteristics. This last finding is believed to represent a small technical advance in this field of study. Finally, the regression model with both individual and time effects (TW-FE) shows that most of the variability in multiples is explained by factors specific to the individual institution eluding common accounting factors. Nonetheless, regarding these traditional factors, the model reveals that, to improve their P/B and P/TE ratios in the short term (question III), bank management must both avoid growing in size and improve their net interest margin. Furthermore, to improve the P/B, it is important to optimize operating costs and be involved in “non-traditional” activities, while to improve the P/TE it is important not to hold excess regulatory capital (ivi, §6.7).
Gli indici: price-to-book (P/B) e price-to-tangible equity (P/TE) sono argomento di studio consolidato nella letteratura bancaria che li utilizza come indicativi della valutazione delle banche da parte degli investitori. Pertanto, la letteratura su questi indici si è precipuamente occupata d’identificarne le determinanti, e – mediante il confronto tra periodi – di strumentalizzarli per scoprire evoluzioni del metodo di valutazione bancaria nel tempo. Dopo aver proposto una panoramica storica e teorica dei due indici e della valutazione bancaria, il presente studio – limitato all’ambito delle grandi banche universali europee – persegue i seguenti scopi: (I) scoprire se la valutazione bancaria è mutata dopo lo scoppio della pandemia di COVID-19, (II) individuare le caratteristiche comuni delle banche con P/B e P/TE più alti, e (III) individuare i fattori sui quali le banche debbono agire per migliorare i propri P/B e P/TE. La risposta al quesito I (ivi, §6.1 a 6.6), elaborata partendo dai dati prodotti da una regressione con effetti temporali fissi (T-FE), rivela che la valutazione bancaria non è sostanzialmente mutata dopo il 2020, ma che per via di cambiamenti regolatori e monetari, le variabili associate a banche con indici migliori sono in parte mutate, soprattutto per un profondo cambiamento nell’identificazione del rischio bancario, passato da una concezione fondata sul possesso di capitale ad una più sensibile al rischio di credito. La risposta al quesito II (ivi, §6.1 a 6.3), ottenuta mediante il medesimo modello di cui al quesito precedente, consiste nell’individuazione delle variabili che hanno mantenuto un’associazione immutata nel tempo con gli indici P/B e P/TE; esse sono: dimensione (-), dividendi (+), margine d’interesse netto (+) e reddito netto/RWA (+), con quest’ultima variabile che, alternativa al ROE, migliora la statistica R2-within delle regressioni T-FE, poiché latrice di caratteristiche specifiche della banca studiata e del suo contesto nazionale altrimenti inosservabili. Quest’ultima evidenza si ritiene possa segnare un piccolo progresso tecnico in questo campo di studi. Infine, dal modello di regressione con effetti sia individuali che temporali (TW-FE) emerge come la maggior parte della variabilità dei multipli sia spiegata in realtà da fattori specifici propri del singolo istituto e sfuggenti ai comuni fattori contabili. Nondimeno, circa tali fattori tradizionali, il modello rivela come, per migliorare nel breve periodo i propri indici P/B e P/TE (quesito III), l’amministrazione bancaria debba sia evitare di crescere in dimensione che migliorare il proprio margine d’interesse netto. Inoltre, per migliorare il P/B, è importante ottimizzare i costi operativi ed essere coinvolti in attività “non tradizionali”, mentre per migliorare il P/TE è importante non possedere capitale regolatorio in eccesso (ivi, §6.7).
An analysis of the determinants of the Price-to-Book ratios in European banks
BEDA, LUCA
2025/2026
Abstract
Price-to-book (P/B) and price-to-tangible equity (P/TE) ratios are well-established topics of study in the banking literature, which uses them as indicators of investors' valuations of banks. For this reason, the literature on these ratios has primarily focused on identifying their determinants and, through comparisons across periods, using them to uncover evolutions in bank valuation methods over time. After providing a historical and theoretical overview of the two ratios and bank valuation, this study —limited to the scope of large European universal banks— pursues the following objectives: (I) to discover whether bank valuation has changed since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, (II) to identify the common characteristics of banks with higher P/B and P/TE ratios, and (III) to identify the factors banks should address to improve their P/B and P/TE ratios. The answer to Question I (ivi, §6.1 to 6.6), developed using data from a time-fixed effects (T-FE) regression, reveals that bank valuations have not changed substantially since 2020, but that, due to regulatory and monetary changes, the variables associated with banks with better ratios have partially changed, primarily due to a profound shift in the identification of banking risk, from a concept based on capital ownership to one more sensitive to credit risk. The answer to Question II (ivi, §6.1 to 6.3), obtained using the same model as the previous question, consists in identifying the variables that have maintained an unchanged association over time with the P/B and P/TE ratios; These are: size (-), dividends (+), net interest margin (+), and net income/RWA (+). This last variable, as an alternative to ROE, improves the R2-within statistic of T-FE regressions, as it captures otherwise unobservable bank and country-specific characteristics. This last finding is believed to represent a small technical advance in this field of study. Finally, the regression model with both individual and time effects (TW-FE) shows that most of the variability in multiples is explained by factors specific to the individual institution eluding common accounting factors. Nonetheless, regarding these traditional factors, the model reveals that, to improve their P/B and P/TE ratios in the short term (question III), bank management must both avoid growing in size and improve their net interest margin. Furthermore, to improve the P/B, it is important to optimize operating costs and be involved in “non-traditional” activities, while to improve the P/TE it is important not to hold excess regulatory capital (ivi, §6.7).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/112785