In recent years, ESG ratings have become increasingly important within financial markets and corporate sustainability assessment processes. However, the growing diffusion of these tools has been accompanied by several criticisms, particularly regarding the significant divergence among rating providers and the conceptual ambiguity surrounding what ESG ratings actually measure. In this context, academic literature has highlighted how many ESG ratings tend to combine two distinct dimensions of environmental sustainability: environmental risks affecting the firm (environmental risk) and environmental impacts generated by the firm itself (environmental impact). This thesis investigates this distinction by analyzing the theoretical framework related to outside-in and inside-out perspectives, as well as their connection with the concept of double materiality introduced by recent European sustainability reporting regulation. After reviewing the literature on ESG ratings, rating divergence and sustainability measurement, the study highlights how the lack of separation between risk and impact represents one of the main sources of ambiguity in aggregated ESG scores. Building on these considerations, the thesis proposes a methodological framework aimed at distinguishing environmental risk from environmental impact through the classification of environmental data items available in the Refinitiv/LSEG database. Based on this classification, two separate measures are constructed: an Environmental Risk Score and an Environmental Impact Score. In the empirical section, the framework is applied to a sample of listed companies in order to observe the behavior of the two dimensions and explore their potential relationships with selected financial performance variables. The analysis does not aim to establish causal relationships, but rather to provide a conceptual and methodological reflection on the meaning of ESG ratings and the measurement of environmental sustainability. Overall, the thesis seeks to contribute to the debate on corporate sustainability by showing how a clearer distinction between environmental risk and environmental impact may improve the interpretation of ESG ratings and the understanding of firms’ environmental performance.
Negli ultimi anni gli ESG ratings hanno assunto un ruolo sempre più centrale nei mercati finanziari e nei processi di valutazione della sostenibilità aziendale. Tuttavia, la crescente diffusione di questi strumenti è stata accompagnata da numerose criticità, in particolare con riferimento alla forte divergenza tra provider e all’ambiguità concettuale relativa a ciò che gli ESG ratings misurano realmente. In questo contesto, il dibattito accademico ha evidenziato come molti ESG ratings tendano a confondere due dimensioni differenti della sostenibilità ambientale: da un lato i rischi ambientali che incidono sull’impresa (environmental risk), dall’altro gli impatti ambientali generati dall’impresa stessa (environmental impact). La presente tesi analizza questa distinzione, approfondendo il quadro teorico relativo alle prospettive outside-in e inside-out e il collegamento con il concetto di doppia materialità introdotto dalla normativa europea sulla sustainability reporting. Dopo aver esaminato la letteratura sugli ESG ratings, sul problema della divergenza tra provider e sulle modalità di misurazione della sostenibilità ambientale, il lavoro evidenzia come la mancata separazione tra rischio e impatto rappresenti una delle principali fonti di ambiguità degli ESG scores aggregati. A partire da tali considerazioni, la tesi propone un framework metodologico finalizzato alla distinzione tra environmental risk ed environmental impact attraverso la classificazione dei data item ambientali disponibili nel database Refinitiv/LSEG. Sulla base di tale classificazione vengono costruite due misure separate: un Environmental Risk Score e un Environmental Impact Score. Nella parte empirica il framework viene applicato a un campione di società quotate, con l’obiettivo di osservare il comportamento delle due dimensioni e analizzarne le eventuali differenze rispetto ad alcune variabili economico-finanziarie. L’analisi non si propone di identificare relazioni causali, ma di offrire una riflessione metodologica e concettuale sul significato degli ESG ratings e sulla misurazione della sostenibilità ambientale. La tesi intende quindi contribuire al dibattito sulla sostenibilità aziendale mostrando come una distinzione più chiara tra environmental risk ed environmental impact possa migliorare l’interpretazione degli ESG ratings e la comprensione della performance ambientale delle imprese.
Environmental Risk and Environmental Impact in ESG ratings: a Conceptual and Empirical Analysis
GASPARI, RICCARDO
2025/2026
Abstract
In recent years, ESG ratings have become increasingly important within financial markets and corporate sustainability assessment processes. However, the growing diffusion of these tools has been accompanied by several criticisms, particularly regarding the significant divergence among rating providers and the conceptual ambiguity surrounding what ESG ratings actually measure. In this context, academic literature has highlighted how many ESG ratings tend to combine two distinct dimensions of environmental sustainability: environmental risks affecting the firm (environmental risk) and environmental impacts generated by the firm itself (environmental impact). This thesis investigates this distinction by analyzing the theoretical framework related to outside-in and inside-out perspectives, as well as their connection with the concept of double materiality introduced by recent European sustainability reporting regulation. After reviewing the literature on ESG ratings, rating divergence and sustainability measurement, the study highlights how the lack of separation between risk and impact represents one of the main sources of ambiguity in aggregated ESG scores. Building on these considerations, the thesis proposes a methodological framework aimed at distinguishing environmental risk from environmental impact through the classification of environmental data items available in the Refinitiv/LSEG database. Based on this classification, two separate measures are constructed: an Environmental Risk Score and an Environmental Impact Score. In the empirical section, the framework is applied to a sample of listed companies in order to observe the behavior of the two dimensions and explore their potential relationships with selected financial performance variables. The analysis does not aim to establish causal relationships, but rather to provide a conceptual and methodological reflection on the meaning of ESG ratings and the measurement of environmental sustainability. Overall, the thesis seeks to contribute to the debate on corporate sustainability by showing how a clearer distinction between environmental risk and environmental impact may improve the interpretation of ESG ratings and the understanding of firms’ environmental performance.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/112786