Gestational diabetes mellitus is a glucose metabolism disorder diagnosed for the first time during pregnancy and represents one of the most prevalent obstetric complications. Global epidemiological data highlight a steadily rising trend, a phenomenon closely linked to sedentary lifestyles, advanced maternal age at conception, and the growing incidence of overweight and obesity among women of childbearing age. Scientific interest in this field is growing, and with it, the evidence supporting the positive effect of physical activity and exercise on the prevention and treatment of the pathology is increasing. This thesis aims to analyze the most recent scientific evidence regarding physical activity and exercise in the prevention and treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus, focusing primarily on the physiology of pregnancy and specific pathophysiology. The paper then focuses on the study of international, American (ACOG), and Canadian (SOGC) guidelines for physical activity in women with a physiological pregnancy. Since there are no specific physical activity guidelines for women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus, it is necessary to adapt exercise to their specific condition. Research has highlighted that physical activity and exercise play a decisive role in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus and that a low level of physical activity during pregnancy leads to an increased risk of developing the pathology and pregnancy complications for both the mother and the fetus. In women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus, regular physical exercise is essential to treat the condition, reducing the need for pharmacological therapy. Resistance and aerobic exercise act on synergistic and complementary pathways: the former expands the glycolytic reservoir by increasing muscle mass and optimizing glycogen synthase activity, while the latter maximizes mitochondrial efficiency and capillarization; both, albeit through different mechano-metabolic stimuli, enhance the expression and trafficking of GLUT-4 transporters, synergistically improving systemic insulin sensitivity. The final part of the thesis suggests implementing protocols that combine resistance and aerobic exercise, favoring the frequency of sessions over their duration. This approach significantly reduces three key parameters: fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour postprandial glucose, and glycated hemoglobin.
Il diabete mellito gestazionale è un disordine del metabolismo glucidico diagnosticato per la prima volta durante la gravidanza e rappresenta una delle complicanze ostetriche a maggior prevalenza, con un trend in costante ascesa correlato alla sedentarietà, all'innalzamento dell’età materna al concepimento e alla crescente incidenza di sovrappeso e obesità tra le donne in età fertile. L’interesse scientifico in questo campo sta crescendo e con esso accrescono le evidenze a supporto dell’effetto positivo che attività ed esercizio fisico hanno sulla prevenzione e sul trattamento della patologia. Questa tesi si propone di analizzare le più recenti evidenze scientifiche riguardanti l’attività e l’esercizio fisico nella prevenzione e nel trattamento del diabete mellito gestazionale, approfondendo primariamente la fisiologia della gravidanza e la fisiopatologia specifica. L’elaborato si concentra poi, sullo studio delle linee guida internazionali, americane (ACOG) e canadesi (SOGC) per l’attività fisica nelle donne con una gravidanza fisiologica. Non esistendo linee guida specifiche per l’attività fisica in donne con diagnosi di diabete mellito gestazionale, risulta necessario adattare l’esercizio alla condizione che le caratterizza. La ricerca ha poi evidenziato che l’attività e l’esercizio fisico svolgono un ruolo determinante nella prevenzione del diabete mellito gestazionale e che un basso livello di attività fisica in gravidanza porta ad un aumento del rischio di sviluppare la patologia e complicanze della gravidanza, sia per la madre che per il feto. In donne con diagnosi di diabete mellito gestazionale, l’esercizio fisico regolare è fondamentale al fine di trattare la patologia, riducendo la necessità di ricorrere alla terapia farmacologica. L’esercizio contro resistenza e quello aerobico agiscono su pathway sinergici e complementari: il primo espande il serbatoio glicolitico incrementando la massa muscolare e ottimizzando l'attività della glicogeno sintasi, mentre il secondo massimizza l'efficienza mitocondriale e la capillarizzazione; entrambi, seppur con stimoli meccanico-metabolici differenti, potenziano l'espressione e il traffico dei trasportatori GLUT-4, migliorando sinergicamente la sensibilità insulinica sistemica. La parte finale della tesi suggerisce di implementare protocolli che combinino esercizio contro resistenza a quello aerobico, favorendo la frequenza delle sessioni piuttosto che la durata. Questa metodica permette di ridurre significativamente tre parametri chiave: la glicemia a digiuno, la glicemia post- prandiale a 2 ore e l'emoglobina glicata.
Esercizio fisico in gravidanza come strumento di prevenzione e trattamento del diabete gestazionale: dalle basi fisiopatologiche ai risvolti applicativi
LISSANDRON, GAIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus is a glucose metabolism disorder diagnosed for the first time during pregnancy and represents one of the most prevalent obstetric complications. Global epidemiological data highlight a steadily rising trend, a phenomenon closely linked to sedentary lifestyles, advanced maternal age at conception, and the growing incidence of overweight and obesity among women of childbearing age. Scientific interest in this field is growing, and with it, the evidence supporting the positive effect of physical activity and exercise on the prevention and treatment of the pathology is increasing. This thesis aims to analyze the most recent scientific evidence regarding physical activity and exercise in the prevention and treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus, focusing primarily on the physiology of pregnancy and specific pathophysiology. The paper then focuses on the study of international, American (ACOG), and Canadian (SOGC) guidelines for physical activity in women with a physiological pregnancy. Since there are no specific physical activity guidelines for women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus, it is necessary to adapt exercise to their specific condition. Research has highlighted that physical activity and exercise play a decisive role in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus and that a low level of physical activity during pregnancy leads to an increased risk of developing the pathology and pregnancy complications for both the mother and the fetus. In women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus, regular physical exercise is essential to treat the condition, reducing the need for pharmacological therapy. Resistance and aerobic exercise act on synergistic and complementary pathways: the former expands the glycolytic reservoir by increasing muscle mass and optimizing glycogen synthase activity, while the latter maximizes mitochondrial efficiency and capillarization; both, albeit through different mechano-metabolic stimuli, enhance the expression and trafficking of GLUT-4 transporters, synergistically improving systemic insulin sensitivity. The final part of the thesis suggests implementing protocols that combine resistance and aerobic exercise, favoring the frequency of sessions over their duration. This approach significantly reduces three key parameters: fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour postprandial glucose, and glycated hemoglobin.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/112840