NRAS-mutant melanoma represents one of the most challenging melanoma subtypes due to its poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Despite recent advances in targeted therapies and immunotherapy, treatment responses remain limited and often transient, highlighting the need for alternative therapeutic strategies. In this context, oncolytic virotherapy and RNA interference (RNAi) have emerged as promising approaches for cancer treatment. Oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds) selectively infect and lyse tumor cells while promoting anti-tumor immune responses, whereas small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) enable sequence-specific silencing of oncogenic targets. However, the clinical application of both strategies is limited by inefficient delivery, poor stability, and inadequate tumor targeting. Thus, extracellular vesicles (EVs) emerged as a potential delivery platform due to their biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. The present study investigated EVs as a nucleic-acid delivery system for OAds and siRNA in NRAS-mutant melanoma. EVs isolated from A375 melanoma cells were characterized according to MISEV guidelines and loaded with an engineered OAd (Ad5/3-D24-ICOSL-CD40L) and a fluorescently labeled siRNA (Cy5-siRNA) using both endogenous and exogenous strategies. The resulting formulations were physico-chemically evaluated via Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while cellular uptake was confirmed by confocal microscopy. These optimized loading conditions were subsequently applied to patient-derived EVs isolated from plasma samples of NRAS-mutant melanoma patients enrolled according to an approved clinical study in collaboration with Veneto Oncology Institute (Cod. CET ANV 2024-45). Overall, this work contributes to developing advanced EV-based delivery platforms, offering potential therapeutic strategy improvements for NRAS-mutant melanoma.
Il melanoma NRAS-mutato rappresenta uno dei sottotipi di melanoma più complessi da trattare, a causa della prognosi sfavorevole e delle limitate opzioni terapeutiche disponibili. Nonostante i recenti progressi nelle terapie mirate e nell'immunoterapia, le risposte al trattamento rimangono limitate e spesso transitorie, evidenziando la necessità di strategie terapeutiche alternative. In questo contesto, la viroterapia oncolitica e l'interferenza a RNA (RNAi) sono emerse come approcci promettenti per il trattamento del cancro. Gli adenovirus oncolitici (OAd) infettano e lisano selettivamente le cellule tumorali promuovendo al contempo una risposta immunitaria antitumorale, mentre i piccoli RNA interferenti (siRNA) consentono il silenziamento sequenza-specifico di bersagli oncogenici. Tuttavia, l'applicazione clinica di entrambe le strategie è limitata da un'inefficiente veicolazione, dalla scarsa stabilità e da un inadeguato targeting tumorale. Per questo motivo, le vescicole extracellulari (EV) sono emerse come una promettente piattaforma di delivery grazie alla loro biocompatibilità e bassa immunogenicità. Il presente studio ha valutato l'impiego delle EV come piattaforma di delivery per adenovirus oncolitici e siRNA nel melanoma NRAS-mutato. Le EV isolate da cellule di melanoma A375 sono state caratterizzate secondo le linee guida MISEV e caricate con un adenovirus oncolitico ingegnerizzato (Ad5/3-D24-ICOSL-CD40L) e un siRNA marcato con fluorescenza (Cy5-siRNA) mediante strategie di caricamento sia endogene sia esogene. Le formulazioni ottenute sono state caratterizzate dal punto di vista fisico-chimico mediante Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) e Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), mentre l'internalizzazione cellulare è stata confermata tramite microscopia confocale. Le condizioni di caricamento ottimizzate sono state successivamente applicate a EV derivate da campioni di plasma di pazienti affetti da melanoma NRAS-mutato, arruolati nell'ambito di uno studio clinico approvato, in collaborazione con l'Istituto Oncologico Veneto (Cod. CET ANV 2024-45). Nel complesso, questo lavoro contribuisce allo sviluppo di piattaforme avanzate di delivery basate su EV, offrendo nuove prospettive per il miglioramento delle strategie terapeutiche nel melanoma NRAS-mutato.
EXTRACELLULAR VESICLE-BASED NUCLEIC ACID DELIVERY FOR CANCER THERAPY
XODO, ELENA
2025/2026
Abstract
NRAS-mutant melanoma represents one of the most challenging melanoma subtypes due to its poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Despite recent advances in targeted therapies and immunotherapy, treatment responses remain limited and often transient, highlighting the need for alternative therapeutic strategies. In this context, oncolytic virotherapy and RNA interference (RNAi) have emerged as promising approaches for cancer treatment. Oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds) selectively infect and lyse tumor cells while promoting anti-tumor immune responses, whereas small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) enable sequence-specific silencing of oncogenic targets. However, the clinical application of both strategies is limited by inefficient delivery, poor stability, and inadequate tumor targeting. Thus, extracellular vesicles (EVs) emerged as a potential delivery platform due to their biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. The present study investigated EVs as a nucleic-acid delivery system for OAds and siRNA in NRAS-mutant melanoma. EVs isolated from A375 melanoma cells were characterized according to MISEV guidelines and loaded with an engineered OAd (Ad5/3-D24-ICOSL-CD40L) and a fluorescently labeled siRNA (Cy5-siRNA) using both endogenous and exogenous strategies. The resulting formulations were physico-chemically evaluated via Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while cellular uptake was confirmed by confocal microscopy. These optimized loading conditions were subsequently applied to patient-derived EVs isolated from plasma samples of NRAS-mutant melanoma patients enrolled according to an approved clinical study in collaboration with Veneto Oncology Institute (Cod. CET ANV 2024-45). Overall, this work contributes to developing advanced EV-based delivery platforms, offering potential therapeutic strategy improvements for NRAS-mutant melanoma.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/112870