The formation and distribution of primary Fe-rich compounds, commonly referred to as sludge, in the shot sleeve during high-pressure die casting of AlSi9Cu3(Fe) alloy were systematically analyzed through experimental and numerical investigations. Numerical simulations were carried out by applying heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of 2, 5, 10, and 20 kW·m-2·K-1 at the melt–sleeve interface. The evolution of total solid fraction and sludge amount was analyzed respectively at four longitudinal and two vertical positions, immediately before injection. The highest solid fraction was observed near the plunger side, close to the melt–sleeve interface and was strongly dependent on the HTC. At the biscuit side, the total solid fraction remained relatively stable at about 8.70% across all HTC values near the interface. In general, the total solid fraction decreased toward the melt free surface. In contrast, the sludge fraction exhibited limited variation with HTC. Near melt–sleeve interface, at the plunger side, the sludge fraction reached approximately 0.44% and 0.83% for the highest and the lowest HTCs, respectively; furthermore, it remained at about 0.60% at the biscuit side. Beneath the pouring hole, as well as in the middle of the sleeve, Fe-rich compounds formed only for the highest HTC value. Toward the free surface, the amount of sludge decreased from 0.65% to 0.16% as the HTC decreased near the plunger, whereas at the biscuit side it remained relatively stable at ~0.47%. Experimental results indicated that the sludge fraction in the diecasting was approximately 0.40%, showing good agreement with the numerical simulations. In summary, premature solidification is significantly localized within the shot-sleeve and HTC-dependent, while the formation of primary Fe-rich compounds is less sensitive to HTC variations.
La formazione e la distribuzione dei composti primari ricchi in ferro, comunemente noti come sludge, all’interno della camera di iniezione durante la pressofusione ad alta pressione della lega AlSi9Cu3(Fe) sono state analizzate sistematicamente mediante indagini sperimentali e numeriche. Le simulazioni numeriche sono state condotte applicando coefficienti di scambio termico (HTC) di 2, 5, 10 e 20 kW·m-2·K-1 all’interfaccia metallo–camera. L’evoluzione della frazione solida totale e della quantità di sludge è stata analizzata rispettivamente in quattro posizioni longitudinali e due verticali, immediatamente prima dell’iniezione. La più elevata frazione solida è stata osservata sul lato del pistone, in prossimità dell’interfaccia metallo–camera ed è risultata fortemente dipendente dall’HTC. Sul lato del biscuit, la frazione solida totale è rimasta relativamente stabile intorno all’8,70% per tutti i valori di HTC in prossimità dell’interfaccia. In generale, la frazione solida totale diminuiva verso la superficie libera del metallo. Al contrario, la frazione di sludge ha mostrato una variazione limitata con l’HTC. In prossimità dell’interfaccia metallo–camera, sul lato del pistone, la frazione di sludge ha raggiunto circa lo 0,44% e lo 0,83% rispettivamente per i valori più alto e più basso di HTC; inoltre, è rimasta circa allo 0,60% sul lato del biscuit. Sotto il foro di colata, così come nella zona centrale della camera, i composti ricchi in ferro si sono formati solo per il valore più elevato di HTC. Verso la superficie libera, la quantità di sludge è diminuita dallo 0,65% allo 0,16% al diminuire dell’HTC in prossimità del lato del pistone, mentre sul lato del biscuit è rimasta relativamente stabile attorno allo 0,47%. I risultati sperimentali hanno indicato che la frazione di sludge nella pressofusione è di circa lo 0,40%, mostrando un buon accordo con le simulazioni numeriche. In sintesi, la solidificazione prematura è fortemente localizzata all’interno della camera di iniezione e dipendente dall’HTC, mentre la formazione dei composti primari ricchi in ferro risulta meno sensibile alle variazioni dell’HTC.
Numerical simulation of diecasting aluminium alloys: premature solidification inside the shot sleeve
SOHRABNIA, NIMA
2025/2026
Abstract
The formation and distribution of primary Fe-rich compounds, commonly referred to as sludge, in the shot sleeve during high-pressure die casting of AlSi9Cu3(Fe) alloy were systematically analyzed through experimental and numerical investigations. Numerical simulations were carried out by applying heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of 2, 5, 10, and 20 kW·m-2·K-1 at the melt–sleeve interface. The evolution of total solid fraction and sludge amount was analyzed respectively at four longitudinal and two vertical positions, immediately before injection. The highest solid fraction was observed near the plunger side, close to the melt–sleeve interface and was strongly dependent on the HTC. At the biscuit side, the total solid fraction remained relatively stable at about 8.70% across all HTC values near the interface. In general, the total solid fraction decreased toward the melt free surface. In contrast, the sludge fraction exhibited limited variation with HTC. Near melt–sleeve interface, at the plunger side, the sludge fraction reached approximately 0.44% and 0.83% for the highest and the lowest HTCs, respectively; furthermore, it remained at about 0.60% at the biscuit side. Beneath the pouring hole, as well as in the middle of the sleeve, Fe-rich compounds formed only for the highest HTC value. Toward the free surface, the amount of sludge decreased from 0.65% to 0.16% as the HTC decreased near the plunger, whereas at the biscuit side it remained relatively stable at ~0.47%. Experimental results indicated that the sludge fraction in the diecasting was approximately 0.40%, showing good agreement with the numerical simulations. In summary, premature solidification is significantly localized within the shot-sleeve and HTC-dependent, while the formation of primary Fe-rich compounds is less sensitive to HTC variations.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Nima Sohrabnia_ Master Thesis.pdf
embargo fino al 08/09/2027
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/112919