In vitro, Matrigel is the most widely used basement membrane substitute for 3D cultures, supporting spheroid and organoid growth. It is a complex biological matrix, derived from mouse sarcoma, that solidifies into a gel at body temperature and serves to mimic nat- ural extracellular matrix; it is employed to culture cells, helping to create in vivo-like microenvironments. However, its undefined composition, batch-to-batch variability, and animal origin represent significant limitations in terms of reproducibility and translational applicability. For these reasons, the development of defined and controllable extracellular matrices has emerged as a major objective in the fields of tissue engineering and regenera- tive medicine, where reproducible and clinically relevant culture systems are increasingly required. The aim of this thesis is the development of a synthetic matrix capable of re- producing the effectiveness of Matrigel in organoid culture. The study primarily employs MCF-10A cell line as an experimental model, complemented by validation experiments on primary organoids. Starting from the main components of Matrigel, a matrix with a simplified composition, that preserves its functional properties, was designed. Building on this evidence, the replacement of biological components with synthetic analogues was carried out while maintaining the biochemical and structural cues necessary for epithelial morphogenesis. To achieve this objective, different biomaterial formulations are gener- ated through bioconjugation strategies, including amine, oxime, and hydrazone ligation reactions involving hyaluronic acid, polyethylene glycol derivatives and other functional- ized polymers such as nanocellulose. The experimental setup employs a suspension-based culture system that allows the formation of organoid-like structures. Particular attention is devoted to the modulation of matrix composition, viscosity, and mechanical properties in order to mimic the native mammary microenvironment. Unlike Matrigel, synthetic matrices offer the possibility to precisely control biochemical and biophysical parameters, including stiffness, degradability, and ligand presentation, offering the possibility to inves- tigate fundamental aspects of cell behaviour deriving form biomaterials-cells interaction. The resulting matrices are evaluated for their ability to support organoid morphogene- sis based on four parameter -morphology, buds number, spheroid area and laminin/E8 organization- through real-time monitoring using bright-field microscopy and subsequent image analysis with Fiji; additional characterization is performed through confocal mi- croscopy to assess the formation of basement membrane like structures and structural polarization. Overall, this work highlights the potential of synthetic matrices as repro- ducible, tuneable, and clinically translatable alternatives to Matrigel for advanced three- dimensional culture systems, with prospective applications in disease modelling, drug screening, and regenerative medicine.
In vitro, il Matrigel rappresenta il sostituto di membrana basale maggiormente utilizzato per le colture tridimensionali, in quanto supporta la crescita di sferoidi e organoidi. Si tratta di una matrice biologica complessa, derivata da sarcoma murino, che gelifica alla temperatura corporea e viene impiegata per mimare la matrice extracellulare naturale, favorendo la coltura cellulare e la ricostituzione di microambienti simili a quelli in vivo. Tuttavia, la sua composizione indefinita, la variabilit`a tra lotti e l’origine animale costi- tuiscono limiti significativi in termini di riproducibilit`a e applicabilit`a traslazionale. Per questi motivi, lo sviluppo di matrici extracellulari controllabili e definite `e emerso come un obiettivo di primaria importanza nei campi dell’ingegneria tissutale e della medicina rigenerativa, dove sono sempre pi`u richiesti sistemi di coltura riproducibili e clinicamente rilevanti. L’obiettivo di questa tesi `e lo sviluppo di una matrice sintetica in grado di riprodurre l’efficacia del Matrigel nella coltura di organoidi. Lo studio utilizza principal- mente la linea cellulare MCF-10A come modello sperimentale, integrata da esperimenti di validazione su organoidi primari. Partendo dalle principali componenti del Matrigel, una matrice con una composizione semplificata, che mantiene le propriet`a funzionali, `e stata creata. Sulla base di queste evidenze, `e stata effettuata la sostituzione dei com- ponenti biologici con analoghi sintetici, mantenendo al contempo i segnali biochimici e strutturali necessari alla morfogenesi epiteliale. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, sono state generate diverse formulazioni di biomateriali che impiegano strategie di bioconi- ugazione, includendo reazioni di legame amminico, ossimico e idrazonico che coinvol- gono acido ialuronico, derivati del polietilenglicole e altri polimeri funzionalizzati, come la nanocellulosa. Il sistema sperimentale adottato si basa su una coltura in sospensione che consente di ottenere strutture con una morfogenesi pi`u complessa e definita. Particolare attenzione `e stata dedicata alla modulazione della composizione della matrice, della vis- cosit`a e delle propriet`a meccaniche, al fine di mimare il microambiente mammario nativo. A differenza del Matrigel, le matrici sintetiche offrono la possibilit`a di controllare con precisione parametri biochimici e biofisici, tra cui rigidit`a, degradabilit`a e presentazione dei ligandi, permettendo di investigare aspetti fondamentali del comportamento cellu- lare derivanti dall’interazione tra biomateriali e cellule. Le matrici ottenute sono state valutate per la loro capacit`a di supportare la morfogenesi degli organoidi sulla base di quattro parametri -morfologia, numero di buds, area dello sferoide e organizzazione della laminina/E8- mediante monitoraggio in tempo reale con microscopia in campo chiaro e successiva analisi delle immagini con Fiji; ulteriori caratterizzazioni sono state eseguite tramite microscopia confocale per valutare la formazione di strutture simili alla mem- brana basale e la polarizzazione strutturale. Nel complesso, questo lavoro evidenzia il potenziale delle matrici sintetiche come alternative al Matrigel riproducibili, modulabili e clinicamente trasferibili per sistemi avanzati di coltura tridimensionale, con prospettive applicative nella modellazione di malattia, nello screening farmacologico e nella medicina rigenerativa.
Engineering a 3D synthetic basement membrane for epithelial morphogenesis
MANENTI, GIULIA
2025/2026
Abstract
In vitro, Matrigel is the most widely used basement membrane substitute for 3D cultures, supporting spheroid and organoid growth. It is a complex biological matrix, derived from mouse sarcoma, that solidifies into a gel at body temperature and serves to mimic nat- ural extracellular matrix; it is employed to culture cells, helping to create in vivo-like microenvironments. However, its undefined composition, batch-to-batch variability, and animal origin represent significant limitations in terms of reproducibility and translational applicability. For these reasons, the development of defined and controllable extracellular matrices has emerged as a major objective in the fields of tissue engineering and regenera- tive medicine, where reproducible and clinically relevant culture systems are increasingly required. The aim of this thesis is the development of a synthetic matrix capable of re- producing the effectiveness of Matrigel in organoid culture. The study primarily employs MCF-10A cell line as an experimental model, complemented by validation experiments on primary organoids. Starting from the main components of Matrigel, a matrix with a simplified composition, that preserves its functional properties, was designed. Building on this evidence, the replacement of biological components with synthetic analogues was carried out while maintaining the biochemical and structural cues necessary for epithelial morphogenesis. To achieve this objective, different biomaterial formulations are gener- ated through bioconjugation strategies, including amine, oxime, and hydrazone ligation reactions involving hyaluronic acid, polyethylene glycol derivatives and other functional- ized polymers such as nanocellulose. The experimental setup employs a suspension-based culture system that allows the formation of organoid-like structures. Particular attention is devoted to the modulation of matrix composition, viscosity, and mechanical properties in order to mimic the native mammary microenvironment. Unlike Matrigel, synthetic matrices offer the possibility to precisely control biochemical and biophysical parameters, including stiffness, degradability, and ligand presentation, offering the possibility to inves- tigate fundamental aspects of cell behaviour deriving form biomaterials-cells interaction. The resulting matrices are evaluated for their ability to support organoid morphogene- sis based on four parameter -morphology, buds number, spheroid area and laminin/E8 organization- through real-time monitoring using bright-field microscopy and subsequent image analysis with Fiji; additional characterization is performed through confocal mi- croscopy to assess the formation of basement membrane like structures and structural polarization. Overall, this work highlights the potential of synthetic matrices as repro- ducible, tuneable, and clinically translatable alternatives to Matrigel for advanced three- dimensional culture systems, with prospective applications in disease modelling, drug screening, and regenerative medicine.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/112960