G-quadruplexes are non-canonical nucleic acid structures involved in the regulation of biological processes and potential antiviral targets. The naphthalene diimide core is a scaffold for the recognition and stabilization of G4s. In this work, NDI-diazirine derivatives were studied, designed to enable photoinduced covalent trapping by visible light. In vitro assays showed the ability of the derivatives to stabilize G-quadruplex structures and a preference for these structures over double-stranded DNA. Based on these results and on cytotoxicity, D3, D5, and D6 were selected for analyses in A549 lung epithelial cells. The derivatives showed different profiles of cytotoxicity and intracellular distribution; D5 and D6 showed association with cellular DNA and behavior compatible with photoinduced trapping after irradiation. The antiviral potential was preliminarily evaluated against MPXV and HSV-1. D5 showed the highest antiviral activity against both viruses, associated with greater cytotoxicity, D6 showed more limited activity but a more favorable cytotoxicity profile, whereas D3 was less active. RNA-seq of cells treated with D6 showed broad transcriptional remodeling, identifying candidate genes and pathways. Overall, the results support further studies on the relationship between G4 targeting, photoactivation, and antiviral activity.
I G-quadruplex sono strutture nucleiche non canoniche coinvolte nella regolazione di processi biologici e potenziali target antivirali. Il core naftalendiimmidico è uno scaffold di riconoscimento e stabilizzazione dei G4s. In questo lavoro sono stati studiati derivati NDI-diazirinici, progettati per consentire trapping covalente fotoindotto mediante luce visibile. I saggi in vitro hanno evidenziato la capacità dei derivati di stabilizzare strutture G-quadruplex e una preferenza per queste strutture rispetto al DNA a doppia elica. Sulla base di questi risultati e della citotossicità sono stati selezionati D3, D5 e D6 per le analisi in cellule epiteliali polmonari A549. I derivati hanno mostrato differenti profili di citotossicità e distribuzione intracellulare; D5 e D6 hanno evidenziato associazione con il DNA cellulare e comportamento compatibile con trapping fotoindotto dopo irraggiamento. Il potenziale antivirale è stato valutato preliminarmente, contro MPXV e HSV-1. D5 ha mostrato la maggiore attività antivirale verso entrambi i virus, associata a maggiore citotossicità, D6 un’attività più contenuta ma un profilo di citotossicità più favorevole, mentre D3 è risultato meno attivo. L’RNA-seq delle cellule trattate con D6 ha evidenziato un’ampia rimodulazione trascrizionale, identificando geni e pathway candidati. Nel complesso, i risultati supportano ulteriori studi sul rapporto tra targeting dei G4s, fotoattivazione e attività antivirale.
Potenziale antivirale su MPXV e HSV-1 di composti diazirininci fotoattivabili
ANTOLINI, GAIA
2025/2026
Abstract
G-quadruplexes are non-canonical nucleic acid structures involved in the regulation of biological processes and potential antiviral targets. The naphthalene diimide core is a scaffold for the recognition and stabilization of G4s. In this work, NDI-diazirine derivatives were studied, designed to enable photoinduced covalent trapping by visible light. In vitro assays showed the ability of the derivatives to stabilize G-quadruplex structures and a preference for these structures over double-stranded DNA. Based on these results and on cytotoxicity, D3, D5, and D6 were selected for analyses in A549 lung epithelial cells. The derivatives showed different profiles of cytotoxicity and intracellular distribution; D5 and D6 showed association with cellular DNA and behavior compatible with photoinduced trapping after irradiation. The antiviral potential was preliminarily evaluated against MPXV and HSV-1. D5 showed the highest antiviral activity against both viruses, associated with greater cytotoxicity, D6 showed more limited activity but a more favorable cytotoxicity profile, whereas D3 was less active. RNA-seq of cells treated with D6 showed broad transcriptional remodeling, identifying candidate genes and pathways. Overall, the results support further studies on the relationship between G4 targeting, photoactivation, and antiviral activity.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/114565