Debris-flows are landslide phenomena that pose a high hydrogeological risk characterized by their unpredictability and their ability to transport large volumes of granular solid material. The objective of this project is to design a low-cost monitoring system that can be used for territory civil protection purposes. Following an introductory section describing the study site, the debris flow basin of the Acquabona creek (BL, Italy), and the physical characteristics of the debris-flows, the monitoring system is described, consisting of three rain gauges, located along the creek, in the lower zone (Downstream Station), in the intermediate zone (Intermediate Station), and in the upper zone (Upstream Station), and a commercial camera trap, placed in a suitable position to detect all the generated flows. The collected rainfall data were compared with one another to characterize the properties of the events that trigger debris-flows. The comparison highlighted the local variability of precipitation, even over short horizontal and vertical distances, and the greater importance of the upstream rain gauge, which is closer to the area where the debris flows originate, in characterizing their triggering mechanisms. A comparison with ARPAV (Regional Agency for Environmental Protection and Prevention of the Veneto) data from stations adjacent to the basin (Cortina, Faloria, Villanova, Cancia) confirmed the weak correlation with data from within the basin and the impossibility of using them to characterize events within the basin in terms of both duration and intensity. Using software designed to detect movement within its field of view, the camera trap was able to detect, alert, record, and remotely transmit data on the debris flows that occurred during the summer observation period of 2026. This study demonstrates how the combined use of tools such as a camera, equipped with appropriate hardware and software, and a local rain gauge network can provide a viable solution for detecting debris-flow events and, consequently, for managing the affected areas. In Acquabona, debris-flows are triggered by short (lasting less than an hour) and intense (in the range of 20-40 mm/h) rainfall events. Forecasting is complex but the collection of rainfall data from instruments located in the right position (in the case under study, at the upstream station) can enable the activation of equipment designed to detect the actual occurrence of debris-flows (the observation point for debris-flows must also be chosen carefully) and, consequently, trigger the procedures established for civil protection purposes, to minimize the number of false alarms. The analysis of wind data collected at ARPAV stations near the Acquabona site has made it possible to define its fundamental properties during the summer and to provide some observations regarding debris flow events in the Acquabona watershed. This parameter was examined on a preliminary basis, and, like other meteorological parameters, it is believed that it should be measured within the basin in order to improve the predictive capability for debris-flows, even at the expense of a more basic and simplified management of the monitoring system. The monitoring system presented here and the principles developed based on the conducted fieldwork are considered to constitute a valid foundation for supporting civil protection plans aimed at safeguarding human life and human activities in general.
Le colate detritiche sono fenomeni franosi ad alto rischio idrogeologico, caratterizzati da scarsa prevedibilità e grande capacità di trasporto di elevati volumi di materiale solido. L'obiettivo di questo lavoro è la progettazione di un sistema di monitoraggio a basso costo in grado di essere utile ai fini della protezione civile del territorio. Dopo una parte introduttiva che descrive il sito di studio, il bacino da colate detritiche del rio Acquabona (BL, Italia), e le caratteristiche fisiche delle colate, viene descritto il sistema di monitoraggio, costituito da tre pluviometri, collocati all’interno del bacino, lungo il corso d’acqua, a valle, in zona intermedia e a monte, e da una foto-trappola commerciale, collocata in posizione adatta a rilevare tutte le colate generate. I dati di pioggia raccolti sono stati confrontati tra di loro per caratterizzare le proprietà degli eventi che innescano le colate di detriti. Il confronto ha evidenziato la variabilità locale delle precipitazioni, anche a breve distanza plano-altimetrica, e la maggiore importanza del pluviometro di monte, più vicino alla zona di generazione delle colate, nel caratterizzare il loro innesco. Il confronto con i dati ARPAV delle stazioni limitrofe al bacino (Cortina, Faloria, Villanova, Cancia) hanno confermato la scarsa correlazione con i dati interni al bacino e l’impossibilità del loro utilizzo allo scopo di caratterizzare gli eventi interni al bacino sia nel tempo sia nell’intensità. La foto-trappola è stata in grado di rilevare, attraverso il software dedicato al rilievo del movimento all’interno del campo visivo, di notificare, di registrare e di trasmettere a distanza il transito delle colate detritiche verificatesi nel periodo di osservazione estivo del 2026. Il lavoro mostra come l’impiego combinato di strumenti come una telecamera, dotata di hardware e software appropriati, e una rete pluviometrica locale, può rappresentare una soluzione valida per il rilevamento di fenomeni da colata di detriti e, conseguentemente, per la gestione del territorio a questi soggetto. Ad Acquabona le colate di detrito vengono attivate da piogge brevi (della durata inferiore all’ora) e intense (dell’ordine di 20-40 mm/h). La previsione risulta complessa ma l’acquisizione di dati di pioggia, da strumenti collocati nella giusta posizione (nel caso in studio, presso la stazione di monte), può permettere di attivare la strumentazione predisposta per l’osservazione della effettiva presenza di colate (anche il punto di osservazione delle colate deve essere scelto con attenzione) e, conseguentemente, attivare le procedure previste ai fini della protezione civile, contenendo il numero dei falsi allarmi. Lo studio dei dati di vento rilevati presso le stazioni ARPAV vicine al sito del rio Acquabona, ha permesso di definire le sue proprietà fondamentali nel periodo estivo e di fornire alcune osservazioni in occasione degli eventi di colata nel bacino del rio Acquabona. Lo studio di questo parametro è stato affrontato in via preliminare e, come altri parametri meteorologici, si ritiene debba essere rilevato all’interno del bacino per poter rappresentare un incremento nella capacità di previsione delle colate di detrito, a discapito di una gestione essenziale e semplificata del sistema di monitoraggio. Il sistema di monitoraggio qui presentato e i principi formati sulla base della attività di campo sviluppata si ritiene costituiscano una valida base a supporto dei piani di protezione civile per la salvaguardia della vita umana e dell’attività antropica in generale.
Precipitazioni e colate di detrito presso il sito da colate di detrito del rio Acquabona (BL, Italia).
DALLE FRATTE, STEFANO
2025/2026
Abstract
Debris-flows are landslide phenomena that pose a high hydrogeological risk characterized by their unpredictability and their ability to transport large volumes of granular solid material. The objective of this project is to design a low-cost monitoring system that can be used for territory civil protection purposes. Following an introductory section describing the study site, the debris flow basin of the Acquabona creek (BL, Italy), and the physical characteristics of the debris-flows, the monitoring system is described, consisting of three rain gauges, located along the creek, in the lower zone (Downstream Station), in the intermediate zone (Intermediate Station), and in the upper zone (Upstream Station), and a commercial camera trap, placed in a suitable position to detect all the generated flows. The collected rainfall data were compared with one another to characterize the properties of the events that trigger debris-flows. The comparison highlighted the local variability of precipitation, even over short horizontal and vertical distances, and the greater importance of the upstream rain gauge, which is closer to the area where the debris flows originate, in characterizing their triggering mechanisms. A comparison with ARPAV (Regional Agency for Environmental Protection and Prevention of the Veneto) data from stations adjacent to the basin (Cortina, Faloria, Villanova, Cancia) confirmed the weak correlation with data from within the basin and the impossibility of using them to characterize events within the basin in terms of both duration and intensity. Using software designed to detect movement within its field of view, the camera trap was able to detect, alert, record, and remotely transmit data on the debris flows that occurred during the summer observation period of 2026. This study demonstrates how the combined use of tools such as a camera, equipped with appropriate hardware and software, and a local rain gauge network can provide a viable solution for detecting debris-flow events and, consequently, for managing the affected areas. In Acquabona, debris-flows are triggered by short (lasting less than an hour) and intense (in the range of 20-40 mm/h) rainfall events. Forecasting is complex but the collection of rainfall data from instruments located in the right position (in the case under study, at the upstream station) can enable the activation of equipment designed to detect the actual occurrence of debris-flows (the observation point for debris-flows must also be chosen carefully) and, consequently, trigger the procedures established for civil protection purposes, to minimize the number of false alarms. The analysis of wind data collected at ARPAV stations near the Acquabona site has made it possible to define its fundamental properties during the summer and to provide some observations regarding debris flow events in the Acquabona watershed. This parameter was examined on a preliminary basis, and, like other meteorological parameters, it is believed that it should be measured within the basin in order to improve the predictive capability for debris-flows, even at the expense of a more basic and simplified management of the monitoring system. The monitoring system presented here and the principles developed based on the conducted fieldwork are considered to constitute a valid foundation for supporting civil protection plans aimed at safeguarding human life and human activities in general.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/115027