The Jurassic Chon Aike Silicic Large Igneous Province (CASLIP) in Patagonia covers over 700,000 km² with an eruptive volume exceeding 235,000 km³, representing one of the largest crust-derived silicic magmatic events in Earth. This study investigates quartz-hosted silicate melt inclusions (SMIs) from El Quemado Complex and Chon Aike Formation to constrain magma generation, differentiation, and pre-eruptive thermal evolution. Major- and trace-element compositions were integrated with Raman Spectroscopy, cathodoluminescence imaging, TitaniQ and zircon-saturation thermometry. SMIs preserve high-silica (70.2 to 77.8 wt% SiO₂) and peraluminous compositions with high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic (5.5–7.0 wt% K₂O) affinities, matching with regional volcanic rocks from the Chon Aike. Micro-Raman spectroscopy revealed widespread internal post-entrapment crystallization (PEC) of daughter minerals (enstatite, augite, diopside, magnetite, and phlogopite), and the presence of shrinkage bubbles. Dissolved H₂O and CO₂ were undetected in the glass, but this dataset doesn’t allow to dictate if this reflects pre-eruptive degassing, postentrapment volatile loss, or analytical detection. Chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns are characterized by LREE enrichment and comparatively weak HREE fractionation. Together with low Sm/Yb ratios, these features are consistent with origin from partial melting under garnet poor to garnet-absent conditions and support models involving fluid-absent melting of metasedimentary middle- to lower-crustal lithologies. The occurrence of graphite within melt inclusions from LC7 and FR18-36 may provide additional evidence for the involvement of carbon-bearing crustal material. Trace-element tectonic discrimination diagrams classify inclusions from the El Quemado Complex (LP7 and FR18-36) within the volcanic arc granite (VAG) field, whereas inclusions from the Chon Aike Formation (LL6) display within-plate granite (WPG) characteristics. Following melt generation, Ba-Sr systematics, pronounced negative Eu anomalies and major-element trends indicate an important role for plagioclase and K-feldspar fractionation during magma differentiation. Comparatively low Zr/Hf ratios may additionally reflect zircon saturation and fractionation, whereas Fe-Mg-Ti systematics suggest the involvement of Fe-Ti-bearing phases. TitaniQ thermometry yields quartz crystallization temperatures of 625-861 °C, while zircon-saturation temperatures calculated from SMIs range from 732 °C to 846 °C. CL imaging of host quartz phenocrysts and Ti concentrations reveal contrasting quartz crystallization histories among the studied units. In particular, the broad Ti range, pronounced oscillatory zoning, and dissolution surfaces observed in sample FR18-36 are consistent with episodes of thermal perturbation and remobilization of the silicic reservoir. Overall, the melt inclusion record provided new constraints on the crustal origin, differentiation, and pre-eruptive thermal evolution of Chon Aike silicic magmas.
La grande provincia ignea silicica del Chon Aike (CASLIP), risalente al Giurassico è situata in Patagonia, si estende per oltre 700.000 km² con un volume eruttivo superiore a 235.000 km³, rappresentando uno dei più grandi eventi magmatici silicici di origine crostale della Terra. Questo studio esamina inclusioni di fuso silicatico (SMI), ospitate in quarzo, provenienti dal Complesso di El Quemado e dalla Formazione Chon Aike, per ricostruire generazione, differenziazione ed evoluzione termica preeruttiva del magma. Le composizioni degli elementi maggiori e in traccia sono state integrate con spettroscopia Raman, imaging a catodoluminescenza e geotermometria TitaniQ e zircon-saturation. Le SMI preservano composizioni ad alto tenore di silice (da 70,2 a 77,8 % in peso di SiO₂) e peralluminose, con affinità da calc-alcaline ad alto potassio a shoshonitiche (5,5–7,0 % in peso di K₂O), coerenti con le rocce vulcaniche regionali del Chon Aike. La spettroscopia micro-Raman ha rivelato una diffusa cristallizzazione interna successiva all'intrappolamento (PEC) di minerali figli (enstatite, augite, diopside, magnetite e flogopite) e la presenza di bolle di contrazione. H₂O e CO₂ non sono state rilevate disciolte nel vetro, ma questo dataset non consente di stabilire se ciò rifletta un degassamento preeruttivo, una perdita di volatili post-intrappolamento o limiti analitici. I pattern delle terre rare (REE) normalizzati alla condrite mostrano arricchimento in LREE e debole frazionamento delle HREE. Con i bassi rapporti Sm/Yb, queste caratteristiche indicano un'origine da fusione parziale in condizioni povere o prive di granato e supportano modelli di anatessi in assenza di fluidi di litologie metasedimentarie della crosta medio-inferiore. La grafite nelle inclusioni dei campioni LC7 e FR18-36 fornisce un'ulteriore prova del coinvolgimento di materiale crostale carbonioso. I diagrammi di discriminazione tettonica classificano le inclusioni del Complesso di El Quemado (LP7 e FR18-36) nei graniti di arco vulcanico (VAG), mentre la Formazione Chon Aike (LL6) mostra caratteristiche tipiche dei graniti intraplacca (WPG). Dopo la generazione del fuso, la sistematica Ba-Sr, marcate anomalie negative di Eu e i trend degli elementi maggiori indicano il frazionamento di plagioclasio e K-feldspato durante la differenziazione. Rapporti Zr/Hf comparativamente bassi riflettono saturazione e frazionamento di zircone, mentre la sistematica Fe-Mg-Ti suggerisce il frazionamento di fasi con Fe-Ti. La termometria TitaniQ indica temperature di cristallizzazione del quarzo di 625–861 °C, mentre le temperature di saturazione in zircone da SMI variano da 732 °C a 846 °C. L'imaging CL del quarzo ospite e i contenuti di Ti rivelano storie di cristallizzazione contrastanti tra le unità. L'ampio intervallo di Ti, la zonatura oscillatoria e le superfici di dissoluzione in FR18-36 indicano episodi di perturbazione termica e rimobilitazione del serbatoio silicico. Nel complesso, i dati delle inclusioni forniscono nuovi vincoli su origine crostale, differenziazione ed evoluzione termica preeruttiva dei magmi silicici del Chon Aike.
Reconstructing the magmatic evolution of the Chon Aike Silicic province
TONELLI, DAVIDE
2025/2026
Abstract
The Jurassic Chon Aike Silicic Large Igneous Province (CASLIP) in Patagonia covers over 700,000 km² with an eruptive volume exceeding 235,000 km³, representing one of the largest crust-derived silicic magmatic events in Earth. This study investigates quartz-hosted silicate melt inclusions (SMIs) from El Quemado Complex and Chon Aike Formation to constrain magma generation, differentiation, and pre-eruptive thermal evolution. Major- and trace-element compositions were integrated with Raman Spectroscopy, cathodoluminescence imaging, TitaniQ and zircon-saturation thermometry. SMIs preserve high-silica (70.2 to 77.8 wt% SiO₂) and peraluminous compositions with high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic (5.5–7.0 wt% K₂O) affinities, matching with regional volcanic rocks from the Chon Aike. Micro-Raman spectroscopy revealed widespread internal post-entrapment crystallization (PEC) of daughter minerals (enstatite, augite, diopside, magnetite, and phlogopite), and the presence of shrinkage bubbles. Dissolved H₂O and CO₂ were undetected in the glass, but this dataset doesn’t allow to dictate if this reflects pre-eruptive degassing, postentrapment volatile loss, or analytical detection. Chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns are characterized by LREE enrichment and comparatively weak HREE fractionation. Together with low Sm/Yb ratios, these features are consistent with origin from partial melting under garnet poor to garnet-absent conditions and support models involving fluid-absent melting of metasedimentary middle- to lower-crustal lithologies. The occurrence of graphite within melt inclusions from LC7 and FR18-36 may provide additional evidence for the involvement of carbon-bearing crustal material. Trace-element tectonic discrimination diagrams classify inclusions from the El Quemado Complex (LP7 and FR18-36) within the volcanic arc granite (VAG) field, whereas inclusions from the Chon Aike Formation (LL6) display within-plate granite (WPG) characteristics. Following melt generation, Ba-Sr systematics, pronounced negative Eu anomalies and major-element trends indicate an important role for plagioclase and K-feldspar fractionation during magma differentiation. Comparatively low Zr/Hf ratios may additionally reflect zircon saturation and fractionation, whereas Fe-Mg-Ti systematics suggest the involvement of Fe-Ti-bearing phases. TitaniQ thermometry yields quartz crystallization temperatures of 625-861 °C, while zircon-saturation temperatures calculated from SMIs range from 732 °C to 846 °C. CL imaging of host quartz phenocrysts and Ti concentrations reveal contrasting quartz crystallization histories among the studied units. In particular, the broad Ti range, pronounced oscillatory zoning, and dissolution surfaces observed in sample FR18-36 are consistent with episodes of thermal perturbation and remobilization of the silicic reservoir. Overall, the melt inclusion record provided new constraints on the crustal origin, differentiation, and pre-eruptive thermal evolution of Chon Aike silicic magmas.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/115036