Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) represents one of the major technological innovations of the contemporary era and is progressively being adopted across numerous fields, including healthcare, education, and professional settings. The increasing diffusion of AI tools makes it important to understand how these technologies are used and perceived, considering both their potential benefits and the challenges associated with trust, training, and the possible transformation of professional skills. Objectives: This study aimed to describe the use, perceptions, and future expectations regarding artificial intelligence among three groups within academic and professional settings: students, healthcare professionals, and teaching staff. The study also aimed to explore the potential association between the level of AI-related training and a positive perception of the technology. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted from November 2025 to May 2026 through an online questionnaire developed based on a literature review and designed to assess the use, perceptions, benefits, challenges, risks, and future perspectives related to AI. The final sample consisted of 244 participants, including 121 students, 96 healthcare professionals, and 27 university teaching staff. Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric tests to identify statistically significant differences among the three population groups. An exploratory index, termed the AI Positive Perception Score, was also developed post hoc by calculating the mean of six items assessing perceived usefulness, trust, benefits, and future intention to use AI. Results: The study included 244 participants, of whom 49.6% were students, 39.3% were healthcare professionals, and 11.1% were university teaching staff. Overall, 77.5% of participants agreed or strongly agreed with the regular use of AI in their work or educational activities, while 78.7% perceived an increase in efficiency associated with its use. Improved productivity was identified as one of the main benefits (78.7%). Trust in AI- generated outputs was more cautious, with a median score of 3 and 42.6% of participants expressing a neutral position. The main perceived challenges included the potential reduction of human skills (72.1%), limited accuracy of AI-generated responses (52.9%), and insufficient training in AI use (45.5%). Overall, 70.5% of participants believed that AI would become indispensable in their field within the following five years, while 71.3% reported being willing to increase their use of AI. No statistically significant differences were observed in the main perception indicators among the three groups. The AI Positive Perception Score showed a median of 3.83 (IQR = 0.67) and good internal consistency (α = 0.836). No statistically significant association was found between the level of AI-related training and the AI Positive Perception Score (ρ = 0.109; p = 0.090). Conclusions: The findings suggest that AI is predominantly perceived as a useful tool for improving efficiency and productivity, although its acceptance does not imply unconditional trust in AI-generated outputs. Concerns regarding the potential reduction of human skills, the accuracy of responses, and insufficient training highlight the importance of promoting informed and responsible use of the technology. Although no significant differences among the three groups or significant association between AI- related training and positive perceptions of AI were identified in the analyzed sample, the findings underscore the need to develop appropriate training programs and governance strategies aimed at ensuring human oversight, risk awareness, and the sustainable integration of artificial intelligence across different professional and academic settings.
Background: L'intelligenza artificiale (IA) rappresenta una delle principali innovazioni tecnologiche contemporanee e sta progressivamente trovando applicazione in numerosi ambiti, tra cui quello sanitario, educativo e professionale. La crescente diffusione degli strumenti di IA rende rilevante comprendere come tali tecnologie vengano utilizzate e percepite, considerando i potenziali benefici e le criticità legate alla fiducia, alla formazione e alla possibile trasformazione delle competenze professionali. Obiettivi: Il presente studio mira a descrivere l'utilizzo, la percezione e le aspettative future nei confronti dell'intelligenza artificiale in tre categorie appartenenti al contesto accademico e professionale: studenti, personale sanitario e personale docente. Lo studio si propone inoltre di esplorare l'eventuale associazione tra il livello di formazione sull'IA e una percezione positiva della tecnologia. Materiali e metodi: Il presente è uno studio osservazionale trasversale condotto mediante la somministrazione di un questionario online, sviluppato sulla base della revisione della letteratura e finalizzato ad analizzare utilizzo, percezione, vantaggi, criticità, rischi e prospettive future relative all'IA. Il campione finale era costituito da 244 partecipanti. L'analisi statistica è stata effettuata mediante l'impiego di test non parametrici per individuare differenze statisticamente significative tra i tre gruppi di popolazione considerati. È stato inoltre costruito a posteriori un indice esplorativo denominato AI Positive Perception Score, ottenuto dalla media di sei item relativi all'utilità percepita, alla fiducia, ai benefici e all'intenzione futura di utilizzo dell'IA. Risultati: Lo studio ha coinvolto 244 partecipanti, di cui il 49,6% studenti, il 39,3% personale sanitario e l'11,1% personale docente universitario. Il 77,5% dei partecipanti ha espresso accordo o forte accordo rispetto all'utilizzo regolare dell'IA nel proprio lavoro o percorso di studio, mentre il 78,7% ha percepito un aumento dell'efficienza associato al suo utilizzo. Tra i principali vantaggi è stato indicato il miglioramento della produttività (78,7%). La fiducia nei risultati prodotti dall'IA è risultata maggiormente cauta, con una mediana pari a 3 e il 42,6% dei partecipanti che ha espresso una posizione neutrale. Tra le principali criticità percepite sono emerse la possibile riduzione delle competenze umane (72,1%), la scarsa accuratezza delle risposte (52,9%) e la scarsa formazione sull'utilizzo dell'IA (45,5%). Il 70,5% dei partecipanti ritiene che l'IA sarà indispensabile nel proprio ambito nei successivi cinque anni, mentre il 71,3% dichiara di essere disposto ad aumentarne l'utilizzo. Non sono state rilevate differenze statisticamente significative nei principali indicatori di percezione tra le tre categorie. L'AI Positive Perception Score ha mostrato una mediana pari a 3,83 (IQR=0,67) e una buona consistenza interna (α=0,836). Non è emersa un'associazione statisticamente significativa tra livello di formazione sull'IA e AI Positive Perception Score (ρ=0,109; p=0,090). Conclusioni: I risultati suggeriscono che l'IA sia percepita prevalentemente come uno strumento utile per migliorare l'efficienza e la produttività, ma che la sua accettazione non corrisponda a una fiducia incondizionata nei risultati prodotti. La presenza di criticità legate alla possibile riduzione delle competenze, all'accuratezza delle risposte e alla carenza di formazione evidenzia l'importanza di promuovere un utilizzo consapevole e responsabile della tecnologia. Sebbene nel campione analizzato non siano emerse differenze significative tra le tre categorie né un'associazione significativa tra formazione e percezione positiva dell'IA, i risultati sottolineano la necessità di sviluppare percorsi formativi e di governance.
Intelligenza Artificiale: prospettive etiche e cambiamenti del ruolo professionale
FORTUNA, SOFIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) represents one of the major technological innovations of the contemporary era and is progressively being adopted across numerous fields, including healthcare, education, and professional settings. The increasing diffusion of AI tools makes it important to understand how these technologies are used and perceived, considering both their potential benefits and the challenges associated with trust, training, and the possible transformation of professional skills. Objectives: This study aimed to describe the use, perceptions, and future expectations regarding artificial intelligence among three groups within academic and professional settings: students, healthcare professionals, and teaching staff. The study also aimed to explore the potential association between the level of AI-related training and a positive perception of the technology. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted from November 2025 to May 2026 through an online questionnaire developed based on a literature review and designed to assess the use, perceptions, benefits, challenges, risks, and future perspectives related to AI. The final sample consisted of 244 participants, including 121 students, 96 healthcare professionals, and 27 university teaching staff. Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric tests to identify statistically significant differences among the three population groups. An exploratory index, termed the AI Positive Perception Score, was also developed post hoc by calculating the mean of six items assessing perceived usefulness, trust, benefits, and future intention to use AI. Results: The study included 244 participants, of whom 49.6% were students, 39.3% were healthcare professionals, and 11.1% were university teaching staff. Overall, 77.5% of participants agreed or strongly agreed with the regular use of AI in their work or educational activities, while 78.7% perceived an increase in efficiency associated with its use. Improved productivity was identified as one of the main benefits (78.7%). Trust in AI- generated outputs was more cautious, with a median score of 3 and 42.6% of participants expressing a neutral position. The main perceived challenges included the potential reduction of human skills (72.1%), limited accuracy of AI-generated responses (52.9%), and insufficient training in AI use (45.5%). Overall, 70.5% of participants believed that AI would become indispensable in their field within the following five years, while 71.3% reported being willing to increase their use of AI. No statistically significant differences were observed in the main perception indicators among the three groups. The AI Positive Perception Score showed a median of 3.83 (IQR = 0.67) and good internal consistency (α = 0.836). No statistically significant association was found between the level of AI-related training and the AI Positive Perception Score (ρ = 0.109; p = 0.090). Conclusions: The findings suggest that AI is predominantly perceived as a useful tool for improving efficiency and productivity, although its acceptance does not imply unconditional trust in AI-generated outputs. Concerns regarding the potential reduction of human skills, the accuracy of responses, and insufficient training highlight the importance of promoting informed and responsible use of the technology. Although no significant differences among the three groups or significant association between AI- related training and positive perceptions of AI were identified in the analyzed sample, the findings underscore the need to develop appropriate training programs and governance strategies aimed at ensuring human oversight, risk awareness, and the sustainable integration of artificial intelligence across different professional and academic settings.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/115976