Techno-economic and feasibility analysis of V2G flexibility services

The increasing adoption of electric vehicles and the growing share of electricity generated from renewable energy sources make smart charging infrastructure increasingly important. These systems can meet the charging needs of electric vehicles while also supporting the stability and flexibility of the power grid. In this context, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology is a promising solution, as it enables a bidirectional exchange of energy between electric vehicles and the grid. This work analyses a smart charging infrastructure, with a particular focus on its ability to provide flexibility services to the power grid. The study considers both situations in which the infrastructure is required to draw power from the grid and situations in which it is required to supply power back to the grid through V2G technology. The analysis focuses not only on the feasibility of providing these flexibility services but also on the costs associated with drawing or supplying power when requested by the grid. To this end, a sensitivity analysis is carried out on the main parameters of the charging infrastructure, including charger and inverter power ratings, fleet size, battery degradation costs, and the integration of a photovoltaic plant and a storage system, as well as on the volatility of electricity prices. The results show how these factors affect the economic viability of providing flexibility services and identify the configurations under which the charging infrastructure can deliver them most effectively.