The rapid detection of biomarkers consisting of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) is a central aspect of modern medical diagnostics, essential for identifying conditions ranging from viral infections to genetic disorders. In this context, DNA-based nanotechnologies offer a promising approach for the development of ‘smart’ diagnostic nanosystems, exploiting the programmability of nucleic acids to organise optically active components, such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and fluorophores, into reconfigurable nanomachines. Understanding how these systems function at the molecular level is crucial for improving their signal-to-noise ratio and facilitating their future clinical application. This thesis is dedicated to the modelling and characterisation of the structure and dynamics of a DNA scaffold known as a ‘nano-fork’ [Aura Cencini, et al. ACS Nanoscience Au 6.1 (2026), pp. 35–43]. The aim of this work is to analyse its dynamic behaviour and to verify whether the distances between the fluorophore and the gold nanoparticles, sampled during the simulation, are consistent with the experimentally observed quantum yield of fluorescence. To this end, molecular dynamics simulations were used to analyse the distance between the two nanoparticles and the distances of each nanoparticle from the centre of mass of the fluorophore. The distributions obtained highlight the presence of different conformational populations and a behaviour that is not perfectly symmetrical in the two nanoparticles with respect to the fluorophore. To relate these structural variations to the optical response, the Gersten–Nitzan model was used, by means of which the decay rates and the quantum yield of fluorescence were estimated. Understanding the relationship between structure, dynamics and optical response will guide the design of nanoactuators with more precisely controlled geometry and a more stable and reproducible signal. Looking ahead, this knowledge may contribute to the development of enzyme-free point-of-care diagnostic devices for the detection of specific DNA targets, even in complex biological samples.
La rapida rilevazione di biomarcatori costituiti da acidi nucleici (DNA e RNA) rappresenta un aspetto centrale della moderna diagnostica medica, essenziale per l’identificazione di patologie che spaziano dalle infezioni virali ai disordini genetici. In questo ambito, le nanotecnologie basate sul DNA offrono un approccio promettente per la realizzazione di nanosistemi diagnostici ``intelligenti'', sfruttando la programmabilità degli acidi nucleici per organizzare componenti otticamente attivi, come nanoparticelle d’oro (AuNP) e fluorofori, in nanomacchine riconfigurabili. La comprensione del funzionamento di questi sistemi a livello molecolare è fondamentale per migliorarne il rapporto segnale/rumore e favorirne il futuro impiego in ambito clinico. Questa tesi è dedicata alla modellizzazione e alla caratterizzazione della struttura e della dinamica di uno scaffold di DNA denominato ``nano-fork'' [Aura Cencini, et al. ACS Nanoscience Au 6.1 (2026), pp.35-43]. L’obiettivo del lavoro è analizzarne il comportamento dinamico e verificare se le distanze tra il fluoroforo e le nanoparticelle d’oro, campionate durante la simulazione, siano compatibili con la resa quantica di fluorescenza osservata sperimentalmente. A questo scopo, mediante simulazioni di dinamica molecolare sono state analizzate la distanza tra le due nanoparticelle e le distanze di ciascuna di esse dal centro di massa del fluoroforo. Le distribuzioni ottenute evidenziano la presenza di diverse popolazioni conformazionali e un comportamento non perfettamente simmetrico delle due nanoparticelle rispetto al fluoroforo. Per mettere in relazione queste variazioni strutturali con la risposta ottica, è stato utilizzato il modello di Gersten–Nitzan, mediante il quale sono stati stimati i tassi di decadimento e la resa quantica di fluorescenza. La comprensione del rapporto tra struttura, dinamica e risposta ottica potrà guidare la progettazione di nanoattuatori con una geometria maggiormente controllata e un segnale più stabile e riproducibile. In prospettiva, queste conoscenze potranno contribuire allo sviluppo di dispositivi diagnostici point-of-care privi di enzimi, destinati alla rilevazione di specifici bersagli di DNA anche in campioni biologici complessi.
Simulazioni di dinamica molecolare di nanosistemi plasmonici per il rilevamento ultrasensibile degli acidi nucleici
D'AGOSTINO, ROBERTA
2025/2026
Abstract
The rapid detection of biomarkers consisting of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) is a central aspect of modern medical diagnostics, essential for identifying conditions ranging from viral infections to genetic disorders. In this context, DNA-based nanotechnologies offer a promising approach for the development of ‘smart’ diagnostic nanosystems, exploiting the programmability of nucleic acids to organise optically active components, such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and fluorophores, into reconfigurable nanomachines. Understanding how these systems function at the molecular level is crucial for improving their signal-to-noise ratio and facilitating their future clinical application. This thesis is dedicated to the modelling and characterisation of the structure and dynamics of a DNA scaffold known as a ‘nano-fork’ [Aura Cencini, et al. ACS Nanoscience Au 6.1 (2026), pp. 35–43]. The aim of this work is to analyse its dynamic behaviour and to verify whether the distances between the fluorophore and the gold nanoparticles, sampled during the simulation, are consistent with the experimentally observed quantum yield of fluorescence. To this end, molecular dynamics simulations were used to analyse the distance between the two nanoparticles and the distances of each nanoparticle from the centre of mass of the fluorophore. The distributions obtained highlight the presence of different conformational populations and a behaviour that is not perfectly symmetrical in the two nanoparticles with respect to the fluorophore. To relate these structural variations to the optical response, the Gersten–Nitzan model was used, by means of which the decay rates and the quantum yield of fluorescence were estimated. Understanding the relationship between structure, dynamics and optical response will guide the design of nanoactuators with more precisely controlled geometry and a more stable and reproducible signal. Looking ahead, this knowledge may contribute to the development of enzyme-free point-of-care diagnostic devices for the detection of specific DNA targets, even in complex biological samples.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/116235