One of the main risk factors for severe physical dysfunction is osteoporosis, a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by progressive loss of bone mass and deterioration of the tissue microarchitecture. The clinical consequence is extreme bone fragility, which dra- matically increases fracture risks e.g. in the proximal femur. Since investigating and predicting this condition through traditional tools remains a significant limitation; the aim of this work is to study a patient-specific, multi-material synthetic bone surrogate, developed to emulate the macroscopic biomechanical behavior of the proximal femur under both physiological and osteoporotic conditions. This work was carried out at Reykjavik University, Iceland, within the Institute for Biomedical and Neural Engineering (IBNE). To this end, patient-specific medical imaging datasets were processed using segmen- tation software to reconstruct the three-dimensional geometry of the femur and map its density distribution. Advanced additive manufacturing technology, specifically PolyJet Digital Anatomy printing, was used to fabricate the bone models. Innovative polymer blends and porous lattice geometries were strategically selected and calibrated to mimic the mechanical properties of cortical and trabecular tissues, successfully accounting for the structural degradation caused by the disease. Following manufacturing, mechanical characterisation was carried out via tensile tests on physical specimens. In parallel, a multi-scale finite element analysis was conducted to validate the computational solver’s predictive accuracy and evaluate the macroscopic structural response under various everyday loading conditions. Comparison with a literature-based biological reference demonstrated that the syn- thetic surrogate successfully reproduced the characteristic stress concentrations and load transfer pathways of native bone. Although the surrogate exhibited reduced stiffness, leading to approximately four times greater deformation and a breaking load approxi- mately 50% lower than the biological model, it effectively captured the essential qualita- tive biomechanical response of the proximal femur. These results highlight the potential of multi-material PolyJet printing, combined with high-fidelity predictive computational models, to create reproducible, customizable and anatomically accurate femoral surrogates. In the future, this framework has the potential to provide a scalable and reliable platform for testing orthopedic devices, surgical planning, and advanced research into complex bone disorders such as osteoporosis.
L’osteoporosi, un disturbo sistemico dello scheletro caratterizzato dalla progressiva perdita di massa ossea e dal deterioramento della microarchitettura tessutale, rappresenta uno dei principali fattori di rischio per gravi disfunzioni fisiche. La conseguenza clinica è un’estrema fragilità ossea, che aumenta drammaticamente il rischio di fratture, ad esempio a livello del femore prossimale. Poiché l’indagine e la previsione di questa condizione tramite gli strumenti tradizionali presentano ancora significativi limiti, l’obiettivo di questo lavoro è studiare un surrogato osseo sintetico multimateriale e paziente-specifico, sviluppato per emulare il comportamento biomeccanico macroscopico del femore prossimale sia in condizioni fisiologiche sia patologiche. Il lavoro è stato svolto presso l’Università di Reykjavik, Islanda, all’interno dell’Institute for Biomedical and Neural Engineering (IBNE). A tale scopo, i dataset di imaging medico del paziente sono stati elaborati tramite software di segmentazione per ricostruire la geometria tridimensionale del femore e mappare la sua distribuzione di densità. Per la fabbricazione dei modelli ossei è stata impiegata una tecnologia avanzata di manifattura additiva, nello specifico la stampa PolyJet Digital Anatomy. Miscele polimeriche innovative e geometrie reticolari porose sono state selezionate e calibrate strategicamente per replicare le proprietà meccaniche dei tessuti corticali e trabecolari, riuscendo a rendere conto del degrado strutturale causato dalla patologia. Successivamente alla produzione, è stata eseguita una caratterizzazione meccanica mediante prove di trazione su provini fisici. In parallelo, è stata condotta un’analisi agli elementi finiti (FEA) multiscala per validare l’accuratezza predittiva del solutore computazionale e valutare la risposta strutturale macroscopica sotto diverse condizioni di carico della vita quotidiana. Il confronto con un riferimento biologico basato sulla letteratura ha dimostrato che il surrogato sintetico è stato in grado di riprodurre con successo le concentrazioni di tensione e le vie di trasmissione del carico caratteristiche dell’osso nativo. Sebbene il surrogato abbia mostrato una rigidezza ridotta, che ha comportato una deformazione circa quattro volte superiore e un carico di rottura inferiore di circa il 50% rispetto al modello biologico, esso ha catturato la risposta biomeccanica qualitativa essenziale del femore prossimale. Questi risultati evidenziano il potenziale della stampa multimateriale PolyJet, combinata con modelli computazionali predittivi ad alta fedeltà, nel creare surrogati femorali riproducibili, personalizzabili e anatomicamente accurati. In futuro, questo framework potrà fornire una piattaforma scalabile e affidabile per il testing di dispositivi ortopedici, la pianificazione chirurgica e la ricerca avanzata su patologie ossee complesse come l’osteoporosi.
Multi-Material Bone Synthetic Twins: Computational Analysis and Mechanical Validation via Digital Anatomy Printing
MALLONI, MARIA STELLA
2025/2026
Abstract
One of the main risk factors for severe physical dysfunction is osteoporosis, a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by progressive loss of bone mass and deterioration of the tissue microarchitecture. The clinical consequence is extreme bone fragility, which dra- matically increases fracture risks e.g. in the proximal femur. Since investigating and predicting this condition through traditional tools remains a significant limitation; the aim of this work is to study a patient-specific, multi-material synthetic bone surrogate, developed to emulate the macroscopic biomechanical behavior of the proximal femur under both physiological and osteoporotic conditions. This work was carried out at Reykjavik University, Iceland, within the Institute for Biomedical and Neural Engineering (IBNE). To this end, patient-specific medical imaging datasets were processed using segmen- tation software to reconstruct the three-dimensional geometry of the femur and map its density distribution. Advanced additive manufacturing technology, specifically PolyJet Digital Anatomy printing, was used to fabricate the bone models. Innovative polymer blends and porous lattice geometries were strategically selected and calibrated to mimic the mechanical properties of cortical and trabecular tissues, successfully accounting for the structural degradation caused by the disease. Following manufacturing, mechanical characterisation was carried out via tensile tests on physical specimens. In parallel, a multi-scale finite element analysis was conducted to validate the computational solver’s predictive accuracy and evaluate the macroscopic structural response under various everyday loading conditions. Comparison with a literature-based biological reference demonstrated that the syn- thetic surrogate successfully reproduced the characteristic stress concentrations and load transfer pathways of native bone. Although the surrogate exhibited reduced stiffness, leading to approximately four times greater deformation and a breaking load approxi- mately 50% lower than the biological model, it effectively captured the essential qualita- tive biomechanical response of the proximal femur. These results highlight the potential of multi-material PolyJet printing, combined with high-fidelity predictive computational models, to create reproducible, customizable and anatomically accurate femoral surrogates. In the future, this framework has the potential to provide a scalable and reliable platform for testing orthopedic devices, surgical planning, and advanced research into complex bone disorders such as osteoporosis.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Malloni_MariaStella.pdf
embargo fino al 08/10/2027
Dimensione
9.67 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
9.67 MB | Adobe PDF |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/116576