This thesis was carried out at Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, a pharmaceutical and chemical company located in Villadose (RO), Italy, with the aim of isolating and characterizing one of the impurities present in benzathine benzylpenicillin, referred to as impurity J. The degradation processes of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) lead to the formation of numerous impurities, some of which are already characterized in terms of their structural and biological properties, whereas others remain unidentified. Given their relevance from quality, regulatory and drug safety perspectives, their identification is of fundamental importance. Within this context, the present work focused on the isolation and characterization of impurity J, which is consistently present in benzathine benzylpenicillin but whose structure has not yet been established. The active pharmaceutical ingredient was subjected to controlled thermal stress conditions and the resulting degraded sample was subsequently purified by preparative liquid chromatography, with fractions collected at regular time intervals. In parallel, systematic analyses of the collected fractions were performed by analytical HPLC to assess the presence and purity of the impurity of interest in each fraction. Fractions containing impurity J with an adequate degree of purity were pooled and subjected to freeze-drying, yielding a solid sample containing the impurity of interest and residual salts. The latter was then subjected to desalting by preparative HPLC, followed by fraction collection and analysis using analytical HPLC to identify those fractions containing the compound of interest. The selected fractions were finally pooled and lyophilized again to obtain impurity J in isolated form. The overall process proved particularly lengthy and complex, as the impurity is present in benzathine benzylpenicillin at very low concentrations and its enrichment remains limited, even after repeated purification cycles. Consequently, large amounts of sample and solvents had to be processed and lyophilized to obtain only very small quantities of the compound of interest. Once impurity J had been obtained in lyophilized form, a portion of the sample was subjected to mass spectrometry, including tandem mass spectrometry and UV spectroscopy, while the remaining material was used for characterization by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The NMR results provided relevant information; however, further investigation is required to establish an adequate correlation with the mass spectrometry and UV data, which are compatible with a structure previously hypothesized for an unidentified impurity of penicillin G. Overall, this work contributed to outlining a possible identity for impurity J, providing a basis for further structural characterization studies, as its identification cannot yet be considered conclusive. Further analyses, particularly by NMR spectroscopy, will be necessary to verify and confirm the proposed hypotheses. In addition, the method and the overall isolation and purification process will require optimization, as they are time consuming leading to the recovery of limited quantities of the impurity, in the microgram range.
La presente tesi è stata svolta presso l’azienda chimico-farmaceutica Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, con sede a Villadose (RO), con l’obiettivo di isolare e caratterizzare una delle impurezze presenti nella penicillina G benzatina, denominata impurezza J. I processi di degradazione del principio attivo portano alla formazione di numerose impurezze, alcune già note dal punto di vista strutturale e biologico, altre ancora sconosciute. Considerata la loro rilevanza in termini qualitativi, regolatori e di sicurezza del farmaco, la loro identificazione risulta fondamentale. In questo contesto si inserisce il presente lavoro, finalizzato all’isolamento e alla caratterizzazione dell’impurezza J, costantemente presente nella penicillina G benzatina ma tuttora priva di una definizione strutturale. Il principio attivo è stato sottoposto a condizioni controllate di stress termico ed il campione degradato è stato successivamente purificato mediante cromatografia liquida preparativa, con raccolta di frazioni a intervalli regolari di tempo. Parallelamente, mediante HPLC analitico, sono state effettuate analisi sistematiche delle frazioni ottenute, per valutare in quali di queste l’impurezza di interesse fosse presente e con quale grado di purezza. Sono state riunite e sottoposte a liofilizzazione le frazioni contenenti l'impurezza J con un adeguato grado di purezza, ottenendo un campione solido contenente l'impurezza di interesse e i sali residui. Il campione è stato quindi sottoposto a desalting mediante HPLC preparativa, seguito dalla raccolta e dall'analisi delle frazioni mediante HPLC analitica, al fine di identificare quelle contenenti il composto di interesse. Le frazioni selezionate sono state infine riunite e nuovamente liofilizzate per ottenere l'impurezza J in forma isolata. L'intero processo si è rivelato particolarmente lungo e complesso, poiché l'impurezza è presente nella benzilpenicillina benzatina in concentrazioni molto basse e il suo arricchimento risulta limitato, anche attraverso ripetuti cicli di purificazione. Di conseguenza, è stato necessario processare e liofilizzare grandi quantità di campione e di solventi per ottenere quantità molto ridotte del composto di interesse. Una volta ottenuta l’impurezza J in forma liofilizzata, una parte è stata sottoposta ad analisi mediante spettrometria di massa, inclusa la spettrometria di massa tandem e spettroscopia UV, la restante quantità è stata destinata alla caratterizzazione mediante Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare (NMR, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance). I risultati NMR hanno fornito informazioni rilevanti, che richiedono tuttavia ulteriori approfondimenti per essere adeguatamente correlate ai dati ottenuti mediante spettrometria di massa e analisi UV, che risultano compatibili con una struttura precedentemente ipotizzata per un’impurezza sconosciuta della penicillina G benzatina. Nel complesso, il presente lavoro ha contribuito a delineare una possibile identità dell’impurezza J, ponendo le basi per ulteriori studi di caratterizzazione strutturale poiché l’identificazione non può ancora essere considerata conclusiva. Saranno necessarie ulteriori analisi, in particolare mediante NMR, al fine di verificare e confermare le ipotesi formulate. Sarà inoltre necessario ottimizzare il metodo e l’intero processo di isolamento e purificazione, attualmente caratterizzato da un elevato dispendio di tempo e dall’ottenimento di quantità limitate di impurezza, nell’ordine dei microgrammi.
Sintesi, purificazione, isolamento e caratterizzazione di impurezze di antibiotici beta lattamici
BRAUN, MAGDALENA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis was carried out at Fresenius Kabi iPSUM, a pharmaceutical and chemical company located in Villadose (RO), Italy, with the aim of isolating and characterizing one of the impurities present in benzathine benzylpenicillin, referred to as impurity J. The degradation processes of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) lead to the formation of numerous impurities, some of which are already characterized in terms of their structural and biological properties, whereas others remain unidentified. Given their relevance from quality, regulatory and drug safety perspectives, their identification is of fundamental importance. Within this context, the present work focused on the isolation and characterization of impurity J, which is consistently present in benzathine benzylpenicillin but whose structure has not yet been established. The active pharmaceutical ingredient was subjected to controlled thermal stress conditions and the resulting degraded sample was subsequently purified by preparative liquid chromatography, with fractions collected at regular time intervals. In parallel, systematic analyses of the collected fractions were performed by analytical HPLC to assess the presence and purity of the impurity of interest in each fraction. Fractions containing impurity J with an adequate degree of purity were pooled and subjected to freeze-drying, yielding a solid sample containing the impurity of interest and residual salts. The latter was then subjected to desalting by preparative HPLC, followed by fraction collection and analysis using analytical HPLC to identify those fractions containing the compound of interest. The selected fractions were finally pooled and lyophilized again to obtain impurity J in isolated form. The overall process proved particularly lengthy and complex, as the impurity is present in benzathine benzylpenicillin at very low concentrations and its enrichment remains limited, even after repeated purification cycles. Consequently, large amounts of sample and solvents had to be processed and lyophilized to obtain only very small quantities of the compound of interest. Once impurity J had been obtained in lyophilized form, a portion of the sample was subjected to mass spectrometry, including tandem mass spectrometry and UV spectroscopy, while the remaining material was used for characterization by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The NMR results provided relevant information; however, further investigation is required to establish an adequate correlation with the mass spectrometry and UV data, which are compatible with a structure previously hypothesized for an unidentified impurity of penicillin G. Overall, this work contributed to outlining a possible identity for impurity J, providing a basis for further structural characterization studies, as its identification cannot yet be considered conclusive. Further analyses, particularly by NMR spectroscopy, will be necessary to verify and confirm the proposed hypotheses. In addition, the method and the overall isolation and purification process will require optimization, as they are time consuming leading to the recovery of limited quantities of the impurity, in the microgram range.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/117067