The global proliferation of multi-drug-resistant bacterial infections represents one of the most critical public health challenges of the twenty-first century. Bacterial intrinsic mechanisms to survive and adapt to antibiotic treatments are now compromising current patient care and clinical outcomes. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop alternative therapeutic strategies that mitigate antibiotic reliance while simultaneously enhancing therapeutic efficacy. This study investigates an innovative drug delivery approach utilizing functionalized biomimetic magnetic nanoparticles (BMNPs), which were inspired by bacterial magnetosomes. In addition to their carrier potential, when BMNPs are exposed to an alternating magnetic field (AMF) they rotate and cause a local increase of temperature, therefore behaving as hyperthermia agents. The nano-assemblies were synthesized, characterized, and their loading capacity for key antibiotic families (represented by Tetracycline, Gentamicin and Ampicillin) were evaluated primarily via UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Previous studies demonstrated efficient drug loading and stability of the BMNPs. The antimicrobial efficacy of the BMNPs complexes was evaluated against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Microbiological assays were used to determine the colony-forming unit (CFUs) counts to assess viability both in planktonic and biofilm states and calculate the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC and MBC-B, respectively). To assess potential synergistic therapeutic effects, the functionalised BMNPs were subjected to alternating magnetic fields (AMF) to combine targeted drug delivery with localised magnetic hyperthermia at the infection site in an in vitro model. The primary objective was to compare the bactericidal effect of functionalized BMNPs against soluble antibiotics alone, as well as free antibiotics combined with non-functionalized BMNPs. The effect in these conditions was compared to the effect when magnetic induced hyperthermia is applied. The results demonstrate that free antibiotics combined with non-functionalized BMNPs exhibited superior antimicrobial efficacy at MBC(-B) compared to the antibiotic-functionalized BMNPs complex at the same antibiotic concentrations, under tested experimental conditions. Unfortunately, the hypothesized synergy between functionalized magnetic nanoparticle delivery system and AMF-induced hyperthermia was not observed, even when antibiotic concentrations were increased, probably due to inefficient drug release kinetics from the nanoparticle surface. Nevertheless, when comparing the effect of the soluble antibiotic alone with that of the soluble antibiotic combined with AMF-induced hyperthermia, a synergistic effect was still observed. The finding indicates that BMNPs movement, influenced by AMF, acts in combination with high temperatures and antibiotic, potentiating its effect. Ultimately, further studies should investigate alternative delivery systems that allow more efficient, localized and controlled antibiotic release.
La proliferazione globale delle infezioni batteriche multiresistenti rappresenta una delle sfide più critiche per la salute pubblica del ventunesimo secolo. I meccanismi intrinseci dei batteri per sopravvivere e adattarsi ai trattamenti antibiotici stanno ora compromettendo le cure attuali dei pazienti e gli esiti clinici. Di conseguenza, vi è un'urgente necessità di sviluppare strategie terapeutiche alternative che riducano la dipendenza dagli antibiotici migliorando al contempo l'efficacia terapeutica. Questo studio indaga un approccio innovativo di drug delivery che utilizza nanoparticelle magnetiche biomimetiche (BMNPs) funzionalizzate, ispirate ai magnetosomi batterici. Oltre al loro potenziale come carrier, quando le BMNPs vengono esposte a un campo magnetico alternato (AMF) ruotano e causano un aumento locale della temperatura, comportandosi quindi come agenti di ipertermia. I nano-assemblaggi sono stati sintetizzati, caratterizzati e la loro capacità di carico per le principali famiglie di antibiotici (rappresentate da Tetraciclina, Gentamicina e Ampicillina) è stata valutata principalmente tramite spettrofotometria UV-Vis. Studi precedenti hanno dimostrato un efficiente carico del farmaco e la stabilità delle BMNPs. L'efficacia antimicrobica dei complessi BMNPs è stata valutata sia contro ceppi batterici Gram-positivi che Gram-negativi. Saggi microbiologici sono stati utilizzati per determinare le conte delle unità formanti colonie (CFU), al fine di valutare la vitalità batterica sia in stato planctonico che in biofilm, e per calcolare le concentrazioni battericide minime (MBC e MBC-B). Per valutare potenziali effetti terapeutici sinergici, le BMNPs funzionalizzate sono state sottoposte a campi magnetici alternati (AMF) per combinare il rilascio mirato del farmaco con l'ipertermia magnetica localizzata nel sito di infezione. L'obiettivo primario era confrontare l'effetto battericida delle BMNPs funzionalizzate rispetto agli antibiotici solubili da soli, nonché agli antibiotici liberi combinati con BMNPs non funzionalizzate. L'effetto in queste condizioni è stato confrontato con l'effetto ottenuto applicando l'ipertermia indotta magneticamente. I risultati dimostrano che gli antibiotici liberi combinati con BMNPs non funzionalizzate hanno mostrato un'efficacia antimicrobica superiore alla MBC rispetto al complesso BMNPs-antibiotico funzionalizzato alle stesse concentrazioni di antibiotico, nelle condizioni sperimentali testate. Sfortunatamente, la sinergia ipotizzata tra il sistema di delivery tra nanoparticelle magnetiche e l'ipertermia indotta da AMF non è stata osservata, nemmeno aumentando le concentrazioni di antibiotico, probabilmente a causa di una cinetica di rilascio del farmaco dalla superficie delle nanoparticelle non efficiente. Nonostante ciò, confrontando l’effetto dell’antibiotico solubile da solo con quello dell’antibiotico solubile combinatio con ipertermia indotta da AMF, è stato comunque osservato un effetto sinergico. Tale risultato indica che il movimento delle BMNPs, influenzato da AMF, agisce in combinazione con alte temperature e antibiotico, potenziandone l’effetto. In conclusione, ulteriori studi dovrebbero indagare sistemi di veicolazione alternativi che consentano un rilascio dell’antibiotico più efficiente, localizzato e controllato.
Effetto di nanoparticelle antimicrobiche e ipertermia magnetica contro batteri
FACCO, GIULIA
2025/2026
Abstract
The global proliferation of multi-drug-resistant bacterial infections represents one of the most critical public health challenges of the twenty-first century. Bacterial intrinsic mechanisms to survive and adapt to antibiotic treatments are now compromising current patient care and clinical outcomes. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop alternative therapeutic strategies that mitigate antibiotic reliance while simultaneously enhancing therapeutic efficacy. This study investigates an innovative drug delivery approach utilizing functionalized biomimetic magnetic nanoparticles (BMNPs), which were inspired by bacterial magnetosomes. In addition to their carrier potential, when BMNPs are exposed to an alternating magnetic field (AMF) they rotate and cause a local increase of temperature, therefore behaving as hyperthermia agents. The nano-assemblies were synthesized, characterized, and their loading capacity for key antibiotic families (represented by Tetracycline, Gentamicin and Ampicillin) were evaluated primarily via UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Previous studies demonstrated efficient drug loading and stability of the BMNPs. The antimicrobial efficacy of the BMNPs complexes was evaluated against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Microbiological assays were used to determine the colony-forming unit (CFUs) counts to assess viability both in planktonic and biofilm states and calculate the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC and MBC-B, respectively). To assess potential synergistic therapeutic effects, the functionalised BMNPs were subjected to alternating magnetic fields (AMF) to combine targeted drug delivery with localised magnetic hyperthermia at the infection site in an in vitro model. The primary objective was to compare the bactericidal effect of functionalized BMNPs against soluble antibiotics alone, as well as free antibiotics combined with non-functionalized BMNPs. The effect in these conditions was compared to the effect when magnetic induced hyperthermia is applied. The results demonstrate that free antibiotics combined with non-functionalized BMNPs exhibited superior antimicrobial efficacy at MBC(-B) compared to the antibiotic-functionalized BMNPs complex at the same antibiotic concentrations, under tested experimental conditions. Unfortunately, the hypothesized synergy between functionalized magnetic nanoparticle delivery system and AMF-induced hyperthermia was not observed, even when antibiotic concentrations were increased, probably due to inefficient drug release kinetics from the nanoparticle surface. Nevertheless, when comparing the effect of the soluble antibiotic alone with that of the soluble antibiotic combined with AMF-induced hyperthermia, a synergistic effect was still observed. The finding indicates that BMNPs movement, influenced by AMF, acts in combination with high temperatures and antibiotic, potentiating its effect. Ultimately, further studies should investigate alternative delivery systems that allow more efficient, localized and controlled antibiotic release.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/117173