This thesis aims to investigate the cognitive and linguistic foundations of projective communication in the animal world, challenging the anthropocentric paradigm that views non-human species as beings inextricably ‘stuck in the present’ (stuck in time). The research is conducted through a multidisciplinary analysis combining cognitive ethology, zoosemiotics and linguistic pragmatics, to demonstrate the existence of an evolutionary continuum in the ability to detach from the here and now. In the first part, the concept of displacement is analysed as a constitutive feature of language, exploring its adaptive value and its manifestation across different species. Bischof-Köhler’s hypothesis is examined in depth, contrasting it with experimental evidence on episodic memory and Mental Time Travel in animals, with particular reference to the ability to plan future motivational states observed in western jays and primates. The second part shifts the focus towards a general zoosemiotic foundation, proposing a move away from mechanistic models in favour of a view of the animal as a diachronic agent. Through an examination of deixis – understood as the origin of discourse – and embodied semiotics, the work illustrates how interspecific interaction (observed in cats and cows) reveals an intentional and multimodal communicative structure, which can be defined as ‘doing language’. The work culminates in a third, proposal-based section devoted to the presentation of a thought experiment in the form of a project. The central aim is to ascertain whether animals, through concrete and situated communication, are capable of detaching themselves from current circumstances in order to convey messages and information aimed at a future moment. The experiment aims to test whether a non-human subject can employ pragmatic strategies (such as gaze alternation or complex deictic signs) not to satisfy an immediate need, but to coordinate an action with a partner (human or conspecific) in anticipation of a future, distant need. In conclusion, the thesis argues that the capacity to ‘inhabit the future’ is not exclusive to humans, but rather an expressive potential that redefines animal subjectivity beyond the confines of instinctual determinism.
Il presente lavoro di tesi si propone di indagare i fondamenti cognitivi e linguistici della comunicazione proiettiva nel mondo animale, mettendo in discussione il paradigma antropocentrico che vede le specie non umane come esseri indissolubilmente "bloccati nel presente" (stuck in time). La ricerca si snoda attraverso un’analisi multidisciplinare che coniuga etologia cognitiva, zoosemiotica e pragmatica linguistica, per dimostrare l’esistenza di una continuità evolutiva nelle capacità di distacco dall’hic et nunc. Nella prima parte, viene analizzato il concetto di displacement (dislocazione) come tratto costitutivo del linguaggio, esplorandone il valore adattivo e la sua manifestazione in diverse specie. Viene approfondita l'ipotesi di Bischof-Köhler, contrapponendovi le evidenze sperimentali sulla memoria episodica e sul Mental Time Travel negli animali, con particolare riferimento alla capacità di pianificare stati motivazionali futuri osservata nelle ghiandaie occidentali e nei primati. La seconda parte sposta il focus verso una fondazione zoosemiotica generale, proponendo il superamento dei modelli meccanicistici a favore di una visione dell’animale come agente diacronico. Attraverso l'esame della deissi - intesa come origine del discorso - e della semiotica incarnata, il lavoro illustra come l’interazione interspecifica (osservata in gatti e mucche) riveli una struttura comunicativa intenzionale e multimodale, definibile come doing language. Il lavoro culmina in una terza parte propositiva dedicata alla presentazione di un thought experiment in forma progettuale. L'obiettivo centrale è verificare se gli animali, attraverso una comunicazione concreta e situata, siano in grado di dissociarsi dalle contingenze attuali per veicolare messaggi e informazioni volti a un momento futuro. L'esperimento intende testare se un soggetto non umano possa utilizzare strategie pragmatiche (come la gaze-alternation o segni deittici complessi) non per soddisfare un bisogno immediato, ma per coordinare un'azione con un partner (umano o conspecifico) in vista di una necessità futura dislocata. In conclusione, la tesi sostiene che la capacità di "abitare il futuro" non sia un'esclusiva umana, ma una potenzialità espressiva che ridefinisce la soggettività animale oltre i confini del determinismo istintuale.
Il distacco degli animali dall’hic et nunc: displacement, mental time travel e comunicazione proiettiva
PASQUALI, GIOVANNI
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis aims to investigate the cognitive and linguistic foundations of projective communication in the animal world, challenging the anthropocentric paradigm that views non-human species as beings inextricably ‘stuck in the present’ (stuck in time). The research is conducted through a multidisciplinary analysis combining cognitive ethology, zoosemiotics and linguistic pragmatics, to demonstrate the existence of an evolutionary continuum in the ability to detach from the here and now. In the first part, the concept of displacement is analysed as a constitutive feature of language, exploring its adaptive value and its manifestation across different species. Bischof-Köhler’s hypothesis is examined in depth, contrasting it with experimental evidence on episodic memory and Mental Time Travel in animals, with particular reference to the ability to plan future motivational states observed in western jays and primates. The second part shifts the focus towards a general zoosemiotic foundation, proposing a move away from mechanistic models in favour of a view of the animal as a diachronic agent. Through an examination of deixis – understood as the origin of discourse – and embodied semiotics, the work illustrates how interspecific interaction (observed in cats and cows) reveals an intentional and multimodal communicative structure, which can be defined as ‘doing language’. The work culminates in a third, proposal-based section devoted to the presentation of a thought experiment in the form of a project. The central aim is to ascertain whether animals, through concrete and situated communication, are capable of detaching themselves from current circumstances in order to convey messages and information aimed at a future moment. The experiment aims to test whether a non-human subject can employ pragmatic strategies (such as gaze alternation or complex deictic signs) not to satisfy an immediate need, but to coordinate an action with a partner (human or conspecific) in anticipation of a future, distant need. In conclusion, the thesis argues that the capacity to ‘inhabit the future’ is not exclusive to humans, but rather an expressive potential that redefines animal subjectivity beyond the confines of instinctual determinism.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/118058