Sexual violence represents a complex phenomenon involving legal, psychological, social, and cultural dimensions. Despite progressive developments in jurisprudence and the growing attention devoted to this issue, the understanding of such experiences continues to be influenced by socially shared beliefs, stereotypes, and cognitive processes that affect the way events are interpreted and evaluated. At the centre of this debate lies the concept of sexual consent, a fundamental element for distinguishing a free and voluntary sexual interaction from conduct that violates an individual’s sexual self-determination. However, consent is not a static or univocal reality, but rather a dynamic process (Jozkowski, 2013) that can be influenced by multiple individual, relational, and sociocultural factors. Its expression and interpretation become particularly complex in situations characterised by ambiguity, in which gender expectations, communication patterns, and shared beliefs come into play. The literature has highlighted how judgments made in cases of sexual violence are frequently influenced by factors that go beyond the objective characteristics of the event. Elements such as gender stereotypes, rape myths, and certain cognitive biases can, in fact, shape the way the behaviours of the victim and the perpetrator are interpreted. These processes are particularly relevant not only because of the social consequences they may produce, but also because of their potential impact on the victim’s psychological experience (Spaccatini et al., 2024), who may come to internalise such attributions and develop feelings of guilt, shame, and self-blame. The present study aims to analyse the main psychological, cognitive, and sociocultural factors involved in processes of responsibility attribution in cases of sexual violence. In particular, it will examine the role of conceptions of sexual consent, gender stereotypes, rape myths, and cognitive biases in the interpretation of ambiguous sexual situations and in the evaluation of the behaviours of the individuals involved. The aim is to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the mechanisms that may contribute to victim blaming and, subsequently, to processes of self-blame and the emotional consequences associated with them. The first chapter is devoted to the analysis of sexual consent from both psychological and legal perspectives. After examining the evolution of the legal understanding of sexual consent, the different ways in which consent can be expressed and the challenges associated with its interpretation will be explored, together with the distinction between internal and external consent. The second chapter examines the main sociocognitive processes involved in the evaluation of sexual violence. In particular, it analyses the role of traditional sexual scripts, gender stereotypes, rape myths, and cognitive biases that influence the perception of sexual situations and the formulation of responsibility judgments, ultimately contributing to the phenomenon of victim blaming. The third chapter focuses on the transition from external victim blaming to self-blame, examining the role of sexual regret, attributional processes, and self-conscious emotions that may arise following an experience of sexual victimisation, with particular attention to the victim’s experiences of guilt and shame. The final chapters are devoted to the empirical research, which aims to further investigate the role of the theoretically examined variables in understanding processes of responsibility attribution in cases of sexual violence.
La violenza sessuale rappresenta un fenomeno complesso che coinvolge dimensioni giuridiche, psicologiche, sociali e culturali. Nonostante i progressivi cambiamenti giurisprudenziali e la crescente attenzione riservata al tema, la comprensione di tali esperienze continua ad essere influenzata da credenze socialmente condivise, stereotipi e processi cognitivi che incidono sul modo in cui gli eventi vengono interpretati e giudicati. Al centro di questo dibattito si colloca il concetto di consenso sessuale, elemento fondamentale per distinguere un’interazione sessuale libera e volontaria da una condotta lesiva dell’autodeterminazione della persona. Tuttavia, il consenso non costituisce una realtà statica e univoca, bensì un processo dinamico (Jozkowski, 2013) che può essere influenzato da molteplici fattori individuali, relazionali e socio-culturali. La sua espressione e interpretazione risultano particolarmente complesse nelle situazioni caratterizzate da ambiguità, nelle quali entrano in gioco aspettative di genere, modalità comunicative e convinzioni condivise. La letteratura ha evidenziato come i giudizi formulati nei casi di violenza sessuale siano frequentemente influenzati da variabili che vanno oltre le caratteristiche oggettive dell’evento. Elementi come gli stereotipi di genere, i miti dello stupro e alcuni bias cognitivi possono infatti orientare il modo in cui vengono interpretati i comportamenti della vittima e dell’autore. Tali processi assumono particolare rilevanza non solo per le conseguenze che producono sul piano sociale, ma anche per il loro potenziale impatto sul vissuto psicologico della vittima (Spaccatini e coll., 2024), che può giungere a interiorizzare tali attribuzioni sviluppando sentimenti di colpa, vergogna e autoaccusa. Il presente lavoro si propone di analizzare i principali fattori psicologici, cognitivi e socio-culturali che intervengono nei processi di attribuzione di responsabilità nei casi di violenza sessuale. In particolare, verrà approfondito il ruolo della concezione del consenso sessuale, degli stereotipi di genere, dei miti dello stupro e dei bias cognitivi nel modo in cui vengono interpretate situazioni sessuali ambigue e valutate le condotte dei soggetti coinvolti. L’obiettivo è fornire un quadro completo utile a comprendere i meccanismi che possono contribuire alla colpevolizzazione della vittima e, successivamente, ai processi di autoaccusa e alle conseguenze emotive ad essi associate. Il primo capitolo è dedicato all’analisi del consenso sessuale nelle sue dimensioni psicologiche e giuridiche. Dopo aver approfondito l’evoluzione giurisprudenziale del consenso sessuale, verranno esaminate le diverse modalità di espressione del consenso e le criticità connesse alla sua interpretazione, oltre che la distinzione tra consenso interno ed esterno. Nel secondo capitolo verranno approfonditi i principali processi socio-cognitivi coinvolti nella valutazione degli episodi di violenza sessuale. In particolare, saranno analizzati il ruolo degli script sessuali tradizionali, degli stereotipi di genere, dei miti dello stupro e dei bias cognitivi che influenzano la percezione delle situazioni sessuali e la formulazione dei giudizi di responsabilità, portando al fenomeno del victim blaming. Il terzo capitolo si concentra sul passaggio dalla colpevolizzazione esterna all’autoaccusa, esaminando il ruolo del rimpianto sessuale, dei processi attributivi e delle emozioni autovalutative che possono emergere in seguito a un’esperienza di vittimizzazione sessuale, approfondendo i vissuti di colpa e vergogna della vittima. Gli ultimi capitoli sono dedicati alla ricerca empirica, finalizzata ad approfondire il ruolo delle variabili teoricamente esaminate nella comprensione dei processi di attribuzione di responsabilità nei casi di violenza sessuale.
Il processo di attribuzione di responsabilità alle vittime di violenza sessuale: fattori cognitivi e socioculturali
DALOISO, ANTONIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Sexual violence represents a complex phenomenon involving legal, psychological, social, and cultural dimensions. Despite progressive developments in jurisprudence and the growing attention devoted to this issue, the understanding of such experiences continues to be influenced by socially shared beliefs, stereotypes, and cognitive processes that affect the way events are interpreted and evaluated. At the centre of this debate lies the concept of sexual consent, a fundamental element for distinguishing a free and voluntary sexual interaction from conduct that violates an individual’s sexual self-determination. However, consent is not a static or univocal reality, but rather a dynamic process (Jozkowski, 2013) that can be influenced by multiple individual, relational, and sociocultural factors. Its expression and interpretation become particularly complex in situations characterised by ambiguity, in which gender expectations, communication patterns, and shared beliefs come into play. The literature has highlighted how judgments made in cases of sexual violence are frequently influenced by factors that go beyond the objective characteristics of the event. Elements such as gender stereotypes, rape myths, and certain cognitive biases can, in fact, shape the way the behaviours of the victim and the perpetrator are interpreted. These processes are particularly relevant not only because of the social consequences they may produce, but also because of their potential impact on the victim’s psychological experience (Spaccatini et al., 2024), who may come to internalise such attributions and develop feelings of guilt, shame, and self-blame. The present study aims to analyse the main psychological, cognitive, and sociocultural factors involved in processes of responsibility attribution in cases of sexual violence. In particular, it will examine the role of conceptions of sexual consent, gender stereotypes, rape myths, and cognitive biases in the interpretation of ambiguous sexual situations and in the evaluation of the behaviours of the individuals involved. The aim is to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the mechanisms that may contribute to victim blaming and, subsequently, to processes of self-blame and the emotional consequences associated with them. The first chapter is devoted to the analysis of sexual consent from both psychological and legal perspectives. After examining the evolution of the legal understanding of sexual consent, the different ways in which consent can be expressed and the challenges associated with its interpretation will be explored, together with the distinction between internal and external consent. The second chapter examines the main sociocognitive processes involved in the evaluation of sexual violence. In particular, it analyses the role of traditional sexual scripts, gender stereotypes, rape myths, and cognitive biases that influence the perception of sexual situations and the formulation of responsibility judgments, ultimately contributing to the phenomenon of victim blaming. The third chapter focuses on the transition from external victim blaming to self-blame, examining the role of sexual regret, attributional processes, and self-conscious emotions that may arise following an experience of sexual victimisation, with particular attention to the victim’s experiences of guilt and shame. The final chapters are devoted to the empirical research, which aims to further investigate the role of the theoretically examined variables in understanding processes of responsibility attribution in cases of sexual violence.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/118358