This thesis examines parental incarceration from the point of view of children whose parents are in prison, bringing together insights from criminology, developmental psychology, and law. Based on a review of international studies, it looks at how a parent’s imprisonment can affect children at different ages. It also considers the risk factors that can make this experience more difficult and the protective factors that can help children cope and adapt. The analysis shows that parental incarceration does not affect all children in the same way. Its impact depends on the family situation before imprisonment, the quality of the relationship with the parent, the type and conditions of detention, and the wider social and institutional context. The thesis then examines the legal protection available to children of incarcerated parents in Italy. It considers Italian, European, and international legal sources, as well as recent decisions of the Italian Constitutional Court on the best interests of the child. A comparison with some European countries helps to assess whether Italian law responds to the needs discussed in the first part of the thesis. The analysis shows that children are increasingly recognised as having rights of their own, although these rights are not always fully protected in practice. The final part looks at possible forms of support. It considers ways to help children maintain contact with an incarcerated parent, such as face-to-face visits and video calls. It also examines alternatives to imprisonment, with particular attention to measures for mothers with young children, as well as school support and programmes for children of incarcerated parents and their families. Overall, the thesis aims to give greater visibility to these children and young people, sometimes called “orphans of justice” in the literature. It also highlights the need for better cooperation between the justice system, prison services, social services, and schools, so that the consequences of a parent’s imprisonment do not also fall on their children.
Il presente lavoro esamina il fenomeno dell’incarcerazione genitoriale dal punto di vista dei figli delle persone detenute, integrando le prospettive della criminologia, della psicologia dello sviluppo e del diritto. Attraverso una rassegna critica della letteratura internazionale, vengono analizzate le possibili conseguenze della detenzione di un genitore nelle diverse fasi dello sviluppo, nonché i fattori di rischio e di protezione che possono rispettivamente rendere questa esperienza più difficile o, al contrario, favorire l’adattamento e la resilienza. L’analisi mostra che l’esperienza della detenzione di un genitore può avere effetti diversi sui figli e che questi possono dipendere dalle condizioni familiari preesistenti, dalla qualità del rapporto con il genitore, dalle caratteristiche della detenzione e dal più ampio contesto sociale e istituzionale. Muovendo da queste considerazioni, il lavoro approfondisce la tutela riconosciuta ai figli delle persone detenute nell’ordinamento italiano, prendendo in esame le fonti nazionali e sovranazionali e le più recenti pronunce della Corte costituzionale sul superiore interesse del minore. Il confronto con alcune esperienze europee consente inoltre di verificare in quale misura la normativa italiana in materia risponda ai bisogni evidenziati nella prima parte del lavoro. Ne emerge un progressivo riconoscimento del figlio come titolare di diritti propri, anche se la loro tutela presenta ancora alcuni limiti nella sua concreta applicazione. L’ultima parte è dedicata alle possibili forme di intervento. Vengono esaminati gli strumenti che consentono di mantenere il rapporto tra il genitore detenuto e i figli, dai colloqui in presenza ai videocolloqui, e le misure alternative alla detenzione, con particolare attenzione a quelle legate alla maternità, oltre agli interventi di sostegno scolastico e ai programmi specificamente rivolti ai figli e alle loro famiglie. Nel complesso, il lavoro intende dare maggiore visibilità a questi bambini e ragazzi, indicati nella letteratura di riferimento anche come “orfani della giustizia”, sottolineando al tempo stesso la necessità di una collaborazione più stabile tra giustizia, amministrazione penitenziaria, servizi sociali e scuola, affinché la responsabilità penale del genitore non finisca per ricadere anche sui figli.
L’incarcerazione genitoriale tra criminologia e diritto: sfide e prospettive di tutela per gli “orfani della giustizia”
FUSAGLIA, ALESSANDRA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis examines parental incarceration from the point of view of children whose parents are in prison, bringing together insights from criminology, developmental psychology, and law. Based on a review of international studies, it looks at how a parent’s imprisonment can affect children at different ages. It also considers the risk factors that can make this experience more difficult and the protective factors that can help children cope and adapt. The analysis shows that parental incarceration does not affect all children in the same way. Its impact depends on the family situation before imprisonment, the quality of the relationship with the parent, the type and conditions of detention, and the wider social and institutional context. The thesis then examines the legal protection available to children of incarcerated parents in Italy. It considers Italian, European, and international legal sources, as well as recent decisions of the Italian Constitutional Court on the best interests of the child. A comparison with some European countries helps to assess whether Italian law responds to the needs discussed in the first part of the thesis. The analysis shows that children are increasingly recognised as having rights of their own, although these rights are not always fully protected in practice. The final part looks at possible forms of support. It considers ways to help children maintain contact with an incarcerated parent, such as face-to-face visits and video calls. It also examines alternatives to imprisonment, with particular attention to measures for mothers with young children, as well as school support and programmes for children of incarcerated parents and their families. Overall, the thesis aims to give greater visibility to these children and young people, sometimes called “orphans of justice” in the literature. It also highlights the need for better cooperation between the justice system, prison services, social services, and schools, so that the consequences of a parent’s imprisonment do not also fall on their children.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/118384