Schizophrenia is a severe and complex psychiatric disorder characterized by a constellation of positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms that significantly impair an individual's personal, social, and occupational functioning. This work analyzes the disorder starting from its diagnostic definition and clinical presentation, further examining its epidemiology, multifactorial etiological factors, and primary current care pathways. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of pharmacological therapy, from first-generation (typical) antipsychotics to second- (atypical) and third-generation molecules, highlighting their respective mechanisms of action, therapeutic benefits, and clinical limitations.Furthermore, this thesis focuses on the most recent developments in pharmacological research, with specific reference to novel neurotransmitter targets, glutamatergic and cholinergic modulators, and other innovative strategies aimed at treating treatment-resistant symptoms and cognitive deficits. A specific focus is dedicated to muscarinic agents—particularly the xanomeline-trospium combination—identified as a promising alternative therapeutic option independent of traditional dopaminergic approaches. Finally, future perspectives offered by personalized medicine, pharmacogenetics, and the identification of plasma biomarkers are examined, with a view toward increasingly targeted, tolerable treatments oriented toward the patient's actual functional recovery.
La schizofrenia è un disturbo psichiatrico grave e complesso, caratterizzato da una costellazione di sintomi positivi, negativi e cognitivi che compromettono significativamente il funzionamento personale, sociale e lavorativo dell'individuo. Questo lavoro analizza il disturbo a partire dalla sua definizione diagnostica e dalla presentazione clinica, esaminandone successivamente l'epidemiologia, i fattori eziologici multifattoriali e i principali percorsi di cura attuali. Particolare attenzione viene posta all'evoluzione della terapia farmacologica, dagli antipicotici di prima generazione (tipici) alle molecole di seconda (atipici) e terza generazione, evidenziandone i rispettivi meccanismi d'azione, i benefici terapeutici e i limiti clinici. Inoltre, la tesi si focalizza sui più recenti sviluppi della ricerca farmacologica, con specifico riferimento a nuovi target neurotrasmettitoriali, modulatori glutamatergici e colinergici, e ad altre strategie innovative volte al trattamento dei sintomi resistenti e dei deficit cognitivi. Un focus specifico è dedicato agli agenti muscarinici — in particolare alla combinazione xanomelina-trospio — identificati come una promettente opzione terapeutica alternativa e indipendente dagli approcci dopaminergici tradizionali. Infine, vengono esaminate le prospettive future offerte dalla medicina personalizzata, dalla farmacogenetica e dall'identificazione di biomarcatori plasmatici, nell'ottica di trattamenti sempre più mirati, tollerabili e orientati al reale recupero funzionale del paziente.
Schizofrenia e farmaci innovativi: focus sugli agonisti muscarinici come nuova frontiera terapeutica
LAGYTE, ASTA
2025/2026
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe and complex psychiatric disorder characterized by a constellation of positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms that significantly impair an individual's personal, social, and occupational functioning. This work analyzes the disorder starting from its diagnostic definition and clinical presentation, further examining its epidemiology, multifactorial etiological factors, and primary current care pathways. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of pharmacological therapy, from first-generation (typical) antipsychotics to second- (atypical) and third-generation molecules, highlighting their respective mechanisms of action, therapeutic benefits, and clinical limitations.Furthermore, this thesis focuses on the most recent developments in pharmacological research, with specific reference to novel neurotransmitter targets, glutamatergic and cholinergic modulators, and other innovative strategies aimed at treating treatment-resistant symptoms and cognitive deficits. A specific focus is dedicated to muscarinic agents—particularly the xanomeline-trospium combination—identified as a promising alternative therapeutic option independent of traditional dopaminergic approaches. Finally, future perspectives offered by personalized medicine, pharmacogenetics, and the identification of plasma biomarkers are examined, with a view toward increasingly targeted, tolerable treatments oriented toward the patient's actual functional recovery.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/118485