Several contributions in the literature have associated the decision-making impulsivity typical of Obesity with an alteration in neurobiological reward circuits (Zhang et al., 2022), a process that drives individuals to prefer immediate rewards even when faced with delayed options that are objectively more advantageous. Researchers disagree, however, on the nature of this mechanism: part of the research highlights a general impulsive trait, extending indiscriminately to both money and food (Manwaring et al., 2011; Weller et al., 2008; Bickel et al., 2021), while other studies find a selective response directed exclusively at food-related stimuli (Rasmussen et al., 2010; Rodriguez et al., 2021; Lee & Rasmussen, 2022). In line with this, the study conducted by Schiff and colleagues (2016) found that, in individuals with Obesity, impulsivity toward food increases in direct proportion to body mass index (BMI), independent of individual psychological profile — a conclusion that identifies excess weight as the key factor, downplaying the impact of specific clinical pathologies. This assumption, however, has not yet been tested in samples of individuals with Binge Eating Disorder (BED). In this condition, in fact, recent reviews theorize a markedly different impulsivity dynamic compared to that found in Obesity. It is not simply a matter of heightened motivation toward food, but rather a genuine deficit in inhibitory control — that is, difficulty in stopping a behavioral response once it has been triggered (Giel et al., 2017). The present study aims to determine whether the link between BMI and food discounting observed in Obesity also persists in BED, or whether the discrepancies between the two clinical presentations should instead be attributed to the psychopathology specific to the eating disorder. To this end, 33 patients with Obesity (BMI 41.90 ± 7.92 kg/m²) were compared with 16 patients with BED (BMI 36.41 ± 5.72 kg/m²), who were administered a computerized intertemporal choice task (Temporal Discounting Task) focused on both monetary and food rewards, together with a battery of self-report measures assessing impulsivity, food addiction, psychological distress, and binge eating severity (BIS-11, YFAS, DASS-21, BES). Data analysis shows that patients with BED discounted food rewards to a significantly greater extent than the Obesity group (p=0.027), with a corresponding reduction in the area under the curve (AUC; p=0.016). In contrast, no significant differences emerged when the reward was monetary. Moreover, only within the BED group was food discounting more pronounced than monetary discounting (p=0.0017), a dynamic that was absent in individuals with Obesity without the disorder. Self-report measures confirmed this pattern, with the BED group showing, on average, higher scores across all scales assessed. Given that patients with BED presented a lower mean BMI than the control group, the greater temporal discounting of food cannot be attributed to the degree of excess weight: contrary to what was proposed by Schiff and colleagues (2016), the effect appears to be driven by the psychopathology characteristic of the disorder rather than by the degree of Obesity. This result reinforces the hypothesis of a distinct clinical phenotype (Giel et al., 2017), suggesting practical implications for designing therapeutic interventions aimed not only at weight loss, but also at the decision-making components of the pathology.
Diversi contributi in letteratura hanno associato l’impulsività decisionale tipica dell’Obesità a un’alterazione nei circuiti neurobiologici della ricompensa (Zhang et al., 2022), processo che spinge a preferire gratificazioni immediate pur a fronte di opzioni differite oggettivamente più redditizie. Gli autori non concordano, tuttavia, sulla natura di tale meccanismo: una parte della ricerca evidenzia un tratto impulsivo di tipo generale, esteso senza distinzioni sia al denaro che al cibo (Manwaring et al., 2011; Weller et al., 2008; Bickel et al., 2021), mentre altri studi riscontrano una risposta selettiva rivolta esclusivamente agli stimoli alimentari (Rasmussen et al., 2010; Rodriguez et al., 2021; Lee & Rasmussen, 2022). Su questa linea si colloca l'indagine condotta da Schiff e colleghi (2016), secondo la quale nei soggetti con Obesità l’impulsività verso il cibo aumenta in modo direttamente proporzionale all’indice di massa corporea (BMI), senza risentire del profilo psicologico individuale; una conclusione che indica nell'eccesso di peso il fattore chiave, ridimensionando l'impatto di specifiche patologie cliniche. Tale assunto non è stato, però, ancora testato su campioni di soggetti affetti da Disturbo da Alimentazione Incontrollata (BED). In questa condizione, infatti, recenti rassegne teorizzano una dinamica dell'impulsività nettamente diversa rispetto a quella riscontrata nell’Obesità. Non si tratta solo di una maggiore motivazione verso il cibo, ma di un vero e proprio deficit del controllo inibitorio, ossia della difficoltà ad arrestare la risposta comportamentale una volta innescata (Giel et al., 2017). Il presente studio si propone di verificare se il legame tra BMI e discounting alimentare rilevato nell’Obesità persista anche nel BED, oppure se le difformità tra i due quadri clinici siano da addebitare alla psicopatologia specifica del disturbo nutrizionale. A tal fine, sono stati messi a confronto 33 pazienti con Obesità (BMI 41,90 ± 7,92 kg/m²) e 16 pazienti con BED (BMI 36,41 ± 5,72 kg/m²), somministrando loro un compito di scelta intertemporale computerizzato (Temporal Discounting Task) focalizzato sia su ricompense monetarie che alimentari, affiancato da una batteria di test self-report per la valutazione di impulsività, food addiction, distress psicologico e severità delle abbuffate (BIS-11, YFAS, DASS-21, BES). L’analisi dei dati mostra come i pazienti con BED svalutino la ricompensa alimentare in misura significativamente superiore rispetto al gruppo con Obesità (p=0,027), registrando una contestuale riduzione dell’area sottesa alla curva (AUC; p=0,016). Al contrario, non si rilevano variazioni importanti quando il premio è di natura monetaria. Inoltre, solamente all’interno del gruppo BED la svalutazione del cibo appare più accentuata rispetto a quella del denaro (p=0,0017), una dinamica assente nei soggetti senza il disturbo e con Obesità. Le rilevazioni self-report confermano tale andamento, registrando nel gruppo BED punteggi mediamente più alti in tutte le scale indagate. Poiché i pazienti con BED presentano un BMI medio inferiore rispetto al gruppo di controllo, la maggiore svalutazione temporale del cibo non può essere attribuita all'entità del peso: in direzione opposta rispetto a quanto sostenuto da Schiff e collaboratori (2016), l'effetto appare guidato dalla psicopatologia caratteristica del disturbo e non dal grado di Obesità. Questo risultato rafforza l'ipotesi di un fenotipo clinico a sé stante (Giel et al., 2017), prospettando implicazioni pratiche per la strutturazione di interventi terapeutici diretti non soltanto al calo ponderale, ma anche alle componenti decisionali della patologia.
Confronto tra scelte intertemporali generali e cibo-specifiche nell'obesità e nel Disturbo da Alimentazione Incontrollata: uno studio preliminare
SILVESTRI, ANGELA
2025/2026
Abstract
Several contributions in the literature have associated the decision-making impulsivity typical of Obesity with an alteration in neurobiological reward circuits (Zhang et al., 2022), a process that drives individuals to prefer immediate rewards even when faced with delayed options that are objectively more advantageous. Researchers disagree, however, on the nature of this mechanism: part of the research highlights a general impulsive trait, extending indiscriminately to both money and food (Manwaring et al., 2011; Weller et al., 2008; Bickel et al., 2021), while other studies find a selective response directed exclusively at food-related stimuli (Rasmussen et al., 2010; Rodriguez et al., 2021; Lee & Rasmussen, 2022). In line with this, the study conducted by Schiff and colleagues (2016) found that, in individuals with Obesity, impulsivity toward food increases in direct proportion to body mass index (BMI), independent of individual psychological profile — a conclusion that identifies excess weight as the key factor, downplaying the impact of specific clinical pathologies. This assumption, however, has not yet been tested in samples of individuals with Binge Eating Disorder (BED). In this condition, in fact, recent reviews theorize a markedly different impulsivity dynamic compared to that found in Obesity. It is not simply a matter of heightened motivation toward food, but rather a genuine deficit in inhibitory control — that is, difficulty in stopping a behavioral response once it has been triggered (Giel et al., 2017). The present study aims to determine whether the link between BMI and food discounting observed in Obesity also persists in BED, or whether the discrepancies between the two clinical presentations should instead be attributed to the psychopathology specific to the eating disorder. To this end, 33 patients with Obesity (BMI 41.90 ± 7.92 kg/m²) were compared with 16 patients with BED (BMI 36.41 ± 5.72 kg/m²), who were administered a computerized intertemporal choice task (Temporal Discounting Task) focused on both monetary and food rewards, together with a battery of self-report measures assessing impulsivity, food addiction, psychological distress, and binge eating severity (BIS-11, YFAS, DASS-21, BES). Data analysis shows that patients with BED discounted food rewards to a significantly greater extent than the Obesity group (p=0.027), with a corresponding reduction in the area under the curve (AUC; p=0.016). In contrast, no significant differences emerged when the reward was monetary. Moreover, only within the BED group was food discounting more pronounced than monetary discounting (p=0.0017), a dynamic that was absent in individuals with Obesity without the disorder. Self-report measures confirmed this pattern, with the BED group showing, on average, higher scores across all scales assessed. Given that patients with BED presented a lower mean BMI than the control group, the greater temporal discounting of food cannot be attributed to the degree of excess weight: contrary to what was proposed by Schiff and colleagues (2016), the effect appears to be driven by the psychopathology characteristic of the disorder rather than by the degree of Obesity. This result reinforces the hypothesis of a distinct clinical phenotype (Giel et al., 2017), suggesting practical implications for designing therapeutic interventions aimed not only at weight loss, but also at the decision-making components of the pathology.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Silvestri_Angela.pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
4.4 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
4.4 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/118829