The present study investigated the contribution of two cognitive skills, the ability to discriminate between true, plausible (but false), and absurd statements and the depth of lexical knowledge, to children's ability to provide an informative and accurate testimonial account, also examining how these skills develop over the course of primary school. Thirty children (17 males, 13 females), attending grades two through five and divided into two age groups (second third grade and fourth fifth grade), were administered a true/plausible judgment task, constructed by adapting the Truth-Value Judgment Task paradigm, and a minimal differences test involving semantically related terms. Non-verbal reasoning, measured using Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices, was used as an inclusion criterion for the sample, in order to exclude the presence of intellectual deficits. The results only partially confirmed the initial hypotheses. The expected advantage of older children in accuracy emerged exclusively on true items, whereas performance on plausible but false and absurd items was already close to ceiling in both groups, with no age related differences. On the minimal differences test, the advantage of older children showed a trend consistent with the hypothesis, but did not reach statistical significance given the sample size. An unexpected result concerned reaction times on the true/plausible task. Contrary to what would be predicted on the basis of fuzzy trace theory, it was not the plausible but false items that required the longest processing time, but the true items, an asymmetry that finds a parallel in the literature on the cognitive processes involved in confirming versus rejecting a statement. These findings, discussed also in light of the limitations related to the small sample size and the presence of a subgroup of participants with an anomalous response pattern, offer preliminary indications regarding the contribution of specific cognitive skills to children's testimonial competence. The open questions that arise from this, particularly the one concerning the relationship between the two skills investigated, could be further explored by future research conducted on larger samples.
La presente ricerca ha indagato il contributo di due competenze cognitive, la discriminazione tra enunciati veri, verosimili (ma falsi) ed assurdi e la profondità della conoscenza lessicale, alla capacità del minore di fornire un resoconto testimoniale informativo e preciso, verificando anche come queste competenze si sviluppino nel corso della scuola primaria. Trenta bambini (17 maschi, 13 femmine), frequentanti dalla seconda alla quinta classe e suddivisi in due gruppi d'età (seconda-terza e quarta-quinta), sono stati sottoposti a un compito di giudizio vero/verosimile, costruito adattando il paradigma del Truth-Value Judgment Task, e a un test delle differenze minime tra termini semanticamente affini. Il ragionamento non verbale, misurato con le Matrici Progressive Colorate di Raven, è stato impiegato come criterio di inclusione del campione, per escludere la presenza di deficit intellettivi. I risultati hanno confermato solo in parte le ipotesi iniziali. Il vantaggio atteso dei bambini più grandi nell'accuratezza si è manifestato esclusivamente sugli item veri, mentre le prestazioni sugli item verosimili ma falsi e assurdi sono risultate già vicine al massimo in entrambi i gruppi, senza differenze legate all'età. Sul test delle differenze minime, il vantaggio dei bambini più grandi ha mostrato un andamento coerente con l'ipotesi, ma non ha raggiunto la significatività statistica con questa numerosità campionaria. Un risultato inatteso ha riguardato invece i tempi di risposta al compito vero/verosimile. Contrariamente a quanto previsto sulla base della fuzzy-trace theory, non sono stati gli item verosimili ma falsi a richiedere il tempo di elaborazione più lungo, ma gli item veri. Un'asimmetria che trova un parallelo nella letteratura sui processi cognitivi coinvolti nella conferma e nel rigetto di un enunciato. Questi risultati, discussi anche alla luce dei limiti legati alla ridotta numerosità campionaria e alla presenza di un sottogruppo di partecipanti con un pattern di risposta anomalo, offrono indicazioni preliminari sul contributo di competenze cognitive specifiche alla capacità testimoniale del minore. Le domande aperte che ne derivano, in particolare quella relativa alla relazione tra le due competenze indagate, potranno essere approfondite da ricerche future condotte su campioni più ampi.
Testimonianza infantile e competenze cognitive: comprensione lessicale, discriminazione vero/verosimile e ragionamento non verbale in età infantile
DALLA VALLE, GAIA
2025/2026
Abstract
The present study investigated the contribution of two cognitive skills, the ability to discriminate between true, plausible (but false), and absurd statements and the depth of lexical knowledge, to children's ability to provide an informative and accurate testimonial account, also examining how these skills develop over the course of primary school. Thirty children (17 males, 13 females), attending grades two through five and divided into two age groups (second third grade and fourth fifth grade), were administered a true/plausible judgment task, constructed by adapting the Truth-Value Judgment Task paradigm, and a minimal differences test involving semantically related terms. Non-verbal reasoning, measured using Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices, was used as an inclusion criterion for the sample, in order to exclude the presence of intellectual deficits. The results only partially confirmed the initial hypotheses. The expected advantage of older children in accuracy emerged exclusively on true items, whereas performance on plausible but false and absurd items was already close to ceiling in both groups, with no age related differences. On the minimal differences test, the advantage of older children showed a trend consistent with the hypothesis, but did not reach statistical significance given the sample size. An unexpected result concerned reaction times on the true/plausible task. Contrary to what would be predicted on the basis of fuzzy trace theory, it was not the plausible but false items that required the longest processing time, but the true items, an asymmetry that finds a parallel in the literature on the cognitive processes involved in confirming versus rejecting a statement. These findings, discussed also in light of the limitations related to the small sample size and the presence of a subgroup of participants with an anomalous response pattern, offer preliminary indications regarding the contribution of specific cognitive skills to children's testimonial competence. The open questions that arise from this, particularly the one concerning the relationship between the two skills investigated, could be further explored by future research conducted on larger samples.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/118832