Background. Assessment of lymph node response after neoadjuvant therapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains challenging, because radiological changes in nodal size do not consistently reflect pathological response. This study evaluated the association between pre- to post-treatment lymph node morphometric changes, measured on artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions, and pathological nodal clearance. Methods. This retrospective single-centre study included 74 patients who underwent pulmonary resection after neoadjuvant therapy. Lymph nodes were automatically segmented on thin-section computed tomography (CT) acquired before and after treatment, and two- and three-dimensional morphometric parameters (volume, long and short axes, height, axis ratios and mean attenuation) were extracted. Percentage changes were compared between lymph nodes that became pathologically negative (Changed) and those with persistent involvement (Unchanged). Discrimination was assessed with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, compared with the DeLong test. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) accounted for multiple lymph nodes per patient and for baseline size. Results. A total of 133 lymph nodes were measured; nodal response was evaluable in 110 lymph nodes from 66 patients (69 Changed, 41 Unchanged). Median volume change was −80.2% in Changed and −27.2% in Unchanged lymph nodes (p<0.001). Volume change showed the highest area under the curve (AUC 0.888; 95% CI 0.829–0.947) and was superior to the change in two-dimensional (2D) short axis (AUC 0.831; difference 0.057, p=0.007). In baseline-adjusted GEE models, each 10-percentage-point greater reduction in volume was associated with higher odds of nodal clearance (OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.35–1.92). The association was confirmed in lymph nodes with cytologically proven involvement before treatment (AUC 0.863; OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.43–2.70), in which the advantage of volume over the 2D short axis was larger, and after adjustment for the interval between scans. Conclusions. Morphometric changes of lymph nodes after neoadjuvant therapy, particularly volume reduction, are associated with pathological nodal clearance in NSCLC, and volumetric assessment discriminates better than the conventional 2D short-axis measurement. Quantitative 3D assessment is a promising imaging-based approach to characterise nodal response, which requires validation in larger, independent cohorts.
Introduzione. La valutazione della risposta linfonodale dopo terapia neoadiuvante nel carcinoma polmonare non a piccole cellule (NSCLC) rimane complessa, poiché le variazioni dimensionali radiologiche non riflettono in modo costante la risposta patologica. Questo studio ha valutato l'associazione tra le variazioni morfometriche linfonodali pre- e post-trattamento, misurate su ricostruzioni tridimensionali (3D) assistite da intelligenza artificiale, e la negativizzazione linfonodale patologica. Metodi. Studio retrospettivo monocentrico su 74 pazienti sottoposti a resezione polmonare dopo terapia neoadiuvante. I linfonodi sono stati segmentati automaticamente su tomografia computerizzata (TC) a strato sottile eseguita prima e dopo il trattamento, con estrazione di parametri morfometrici bi- e tridimensionali (volume, assi lungo e corto, altezza, rapporti tra gli assi e densità media). Le variazioni percentuali sono state confrontate tra linfonodi negativizzati (Changed) e linfonodi con persistenza di malattia (Unchanged). La capacità discriminante è stata valutata con curve ROC, confrontate con il test di DeLong. Modelli Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) hanno tenuto conto della presenza di più linfonodi per paziente e della dimensione basale. Risultati. Sono stati misurati 133 linfonodi; la risposta linfonodale era valutabile in 110 linfonodi di 66 pazienti (69 Changed, 41 Unchanged). La variazione mediana di volume era −80,2% nei linfonodi Changed e −27,2% negli Unchanged (p<0,001). La variazione di volume mostrava l'area sotto la curva più elevata (AUC 0,888; IC 95% 0,829–0,947) ed era superiore alla variazione dell'asse corto 2D (AUC 0,831; differenza 0,057, p=0,007). Nei modelli GEE aggiustati per il valore basale, ogni 10 punti percentuali in più di riduzione del volume erano associati a un odds maggiore di negativizzazione (OR 1,61; IC 95% 1,35–1,92). L'associazione era confermata nei linfonodi con interessamento dimostrato alla citologia prima del trattamento (AUC 0,863; OR 1,96, IC 95% 1,43–2,70), nei quali il vantaggio del volume sull'asse corto 2D era maggiore, e dopo aggiustamento per l'intervallo tra le due TC. Conclusioni. Le variazioni morfometriche linfonodali dopo terapia neoadiuvante, in particolare la riduzione di volume, sono associate alla negativizzazione linfonodale patologica nell'NSCLC, e la valutazione volumetrica discrimina meglio della misura convenzionale dell'asse corto bidimensionale. La valutazione quantitativa 3D è un approccio promettente per caratterizzare la risposta linfonodale e richiede validazione in coorti indipendenti più ampie.
Valutazione morfometrica quantitativa tridimensionale della risposta linfonodale dopo terapia neoadiuvante nel carcinoma polmonare non a piccole cellule
PEZZELLA, MARIO
2024/2025
Abstract
Background. Assessment of lymph node response after neoadjuvant therapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains challenging, because radiological changes in nodal size do not consistently reflect pathological response. This study evaluated the association between pre- to post-treatment lymph node morphometric changes, measured on artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions, and pathological nodal clearance. Methods. This retrospective single-centre study included 74 patients who underwent pulmonary resection after neoadjuvant therapy. Lymph nodes were automatically segmented on thin-section computed tomography (CT) acquired before and after treatment, and two- and three-dimensional morphometric parameters (volume, long and short axes, height, axis ratios and mean attenuation) were extracted. Percentage changes were compared between lymph nodes that became pathologically negative (Changed) and those with persistent involvement (Unchanged). Discrimination was assessed with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, compared with the DeLong test. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) accounted for multiple lymph nodes per patient and for baseline size. Results. A total of 133 lymph nodes were measured; nodal response was evaluable in 110 lymph nodes from 66 patients (69 Changed, 41 Unchanged). Median volume change was −80.2% in Changed and −27.2% in Unchanged lymph nodes (p<0.001). Volume change showed the highest area under the curve (AUC 0.888; 95% CI 0.829–0.947) and was superior to the change in two-dimensional (2D) short axis (AUC 0.831; difference 0.057, p=0.007). In baseline-adjusted GEE models, each 10-percentage-point greater reduction in volume was associated with higher odds of nodal clearance (OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.35–1.92). The association was confirmed in lymph nodes with cytologically proven involvement before treatment (AUC 0.863; OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.43–2.70), in which the advantage of volume over the 2D short axis was larger, and after adjustment for the interval between scans. Conclusions. Morphometric changes of lymph nodes after neoadjuvant therapy, particularly volume reduction, are associated with pathological nodal clearance in NSCLC, and volumetric assessment discriminates better than the conventional 2D short-axis measurement. Quantitative 3D assessment is a promising imaging-based approach to characterise nodal response, which requires validation in larger, independent cohorts.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/119369