Objectives. To describe, in a large single-center cohort of reproductive-age women with a PCOS-like phenotype, the frequency of diagnoses established at the end of the diagnostic work-up and to identify clinical, anthropometric, biochemical, and temporal features useful for differential diagnosis. Materials and Methods. This retrospective, observational, single-center study was conducted at Padua University Hospital and included 677 Caucasian women aged 16–40 years, evaluated between January 2009 and January 2026 for hyperandrogenism, menstrual irregularities, or a PCOS-like phenotype. Anamnestic, clinical, anthropometric, hormonal, metabolic, and ultrasound data were collected. Descriptive, comparative, exploratory, and classification multivariate analyses were performed. Results. Median age at first evaluation was 21 years. The reason for referral was hyperandrogenism in 42.8% of cases, a PCOS-like phenotype in 37.1%, and isolated menstrual irregularities in 20.1%. The final diagnosis was polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in 78.3% of cases, idiopathic hyperandrogenism (IH) in 13.1%, non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (NCCAH) in 3.1%, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) in 2.4%, prolactinoma in 1.3%, HAIRAN syndrome in 0.9%, Cushing syndrome in 0.4%, and adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) in 0.4%; overall, 21.7% had a diagnosis other than PCOS. Multivariate analyses showed substantial overlap among the different diagnostic profiles. In targeted comparisons, NCCAH was characterized by higher 17-OHP and androgen levels and a lower LH/FSH ratio; FHA by lower BMI, androgen levels, LH/FSH ratio, and HOMA-IR; and prolactinoma by hyperprolactinemia and a less pronounced androgenic profile. HAIRAN syndrome showed a more severe metabolic and androgenic phenotype, whereas hypercortisolism (due to Cushing syndrome or ACC) was characterized by later symptom onset, shorter diagnostic delay, and higher mFG scores, androstenedione, and HOMA-IR. Conclusions. A PCOS-like phenotype does not necessarily correspond to a diagnosis of PCOS. The substantial overlap among the different conditions confirms that no single parameter is sufficient for differential diagnosis, which requires the integration of anamnestic, clinical, hormonal, metabolic, and temporal features.
Obiettivi. Descrivere, in un’ampia coorte monocentrica di donne in età riproduttiva con fenotipo PCOS-like, la frequenza delle diagnosi riscontrate al termine dell’iter diagnostico e identificare elementi clinici, antropometrici, biochimici e temporali utili alla diagnosi differenziale. Materiali e metodi. Studio osservazionale retrospettivo monocentrico condotto presso l’Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova su 677 donne caucasiche di 16–40 anni, valutate tra gennaio 2009 e gennaio 2026 per iperandrogenismo, irregolarità mestruali o fenotipo PCOS-like. Sono stati raccolti dati anamnestici, clinici, antropometrici, ormonali, metabolici ed ecografici. Sono state effettuate analisi descrittive, comparative e multivariate esplorative e classificative. Risultati. L’età mediana alla prima valutazione era 21 anni. Il motivo di accesso era iperandrogenismo nel 42,8% dei casi, fenotipo PCOS-like nel 37,1% e irregolarità mestruali isolate nel 20,1%. La diagnosi finale era sindrome dell’ovaio policistico (PCOS) nel 78,3% dei casi, iperandrogenismo idiopatico (IH) nel 13,1%, iperplasia surrenalica congenita non classica da deficit di 21-idrossilasi (NCCAH) nel 3,1%, amenorrea ipotalamica funzionale (FHA) nel 2,4%, prolattinoma nell’1,3%, sindrome HAIRAN nello 0,9%, sindrome di Cushing nello 0,4% e carcinoma corticosurrenalico (ACC) nello 0,4%; complessivamente, il 21,7% presentava una diagnosi alternativa alla PCOS. Le analisi multivariate hanno mostrato un’ampia sovrapposizione tra i diversi profili diagnostici. Nei confronti mirati, la NCCAH si caratterizzava per 17-OHP e androgeni più elevati e rapporto LH/FSH inferiore; la FHA per BMI, androgeni, LH/FSH e HOMA-IR inferiori; il prolattinoma per iperprolattinemia e minore espressione androgenica. La sindrome HAIRAN presentava un fenotipo metabolico-androgenico più severo, mentre l’ipercortisolismo (da sindrome di Cushing o ACC) mostrava esordio più tardivo, minore latenza diagnostica e valori più elevati di mFG, androstenedione e HOMA-IR. Conclusioni. Un fenotipo PCOS-like non coincide necessariamente con una diagnosi di PCOS. L’ampia sovrapposizione tra le diverse condizioni conferma che nessun singolo parametro è sufficiente e che la diagnosi differenziale richiede l’integrazione di dati anamnestici, clinici, ormonali, metabolici e temporali.
Epidemiologia del fenotipo PCOS-like in una coorte monocentrica di donne in età riproduttiva.
SORGATO, ALICE
2024/2025
Abstract
Objectives. To describe, in a large single-center cohort of reproductive-age women with a PCOS-like phenotype, the frequency of diagnoses established at the end of the diagnostic work-up and to identify clinical, anthropometric, biochemical, and temporal features useful for differential diagnosis. Materials and Methods. This retrospective, observational, single-center study was conducted at Padua University Hospital and included 677 Caucasian women aged 16–40 years, evaluated between January 2009 and January 2026 for hyperandrogenism, menstrual irregularities, or a PCOS-like phenotype. Anamnestic, clinical, anthropometric, hormonal, metabolic, and ultrasound data were collected. Descriptive, comparative, exploratory, and classification multivariate analyses were performed. Results. Median age at first evaluation was 21 years. The reason for referral was hyperandrogenism in 42.8% of cases, a PCOS-like phenotype in 37.1%, and isolated menstrual irregularities in 20.1%. The final diagnosis was polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in 78.3% of cases, idiopathic hyperandrogenism (IH) in 13.1%, non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (NCCAH) in 3.1%, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) in 2.4%, prolactinoma in 1.3%, HAIRAN syndrome in 0.9%, Cushing syndrome in 0.4%, and adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) in 0.4%; overall, 21.7% had a diagnosis other than PCOS. Multivariate analyses showed substantial overlap among the different diagnostic profiles. In targeted comparisons, NCCAH was characterized by higher 17-OHP and androgen levels and a lower LH/FSH ratio; FHA by lower BMI, androgen levels, LH/FSH ratio, and HOMA-IR; and prolactinoma by hyperprolactinemia and a less pronounced androgenic profile. HAIRAN syndrome showed a more severe metabolic and androgenic phenotype, whereas hypercortisolism (due to Cushing syndrome or ACC) was characterized by later symptom onset, shorter diagnostic delay, and higher mFG scores, androstenedione, and HOMA-IR. Conclusions. A PCOS-like phenotype does not necessarily correspond to a diagnosis of PCOS. The substantial overlap among the different conditions confirms that no single parameter is sufficient for differential diagnosis, which requires the integration of anamnestic, clinical, hormonal, metabolic, and temporal features.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/120072