Congenital heart disease (CC) represents a heterogeneous group of conditions present at birth characterized by structural changes in the heart or large vessels due to alterations during embryonic development. The prevalence is around 1% of live births and improvements in cardiac surgical have led to an exponential increase in survival and has brought to light the relevant issue of whether or not they should play sports.The aim of this observational case-control study is to evaluate, by cardiopulmonary testing, the cardiovascular response to exercise in children and adolescents with CC in comparison with a control group.The initial population comprised 116 subjects from which all subjects who were pacemaker wearers, those taking beta-blocker therapy, those who had taken the cycle ergometer test and finally subjects who had taken the test with a treadmill protocol other than Bruce's were excluded.After this selection, the sample consisted of 103 subjects, divided into four groups of specific congenital heart diseases: Transposition of the great arteries (TGA: 26), aortic coarctation (CoA: 26), univentricular hearts undergoing Fontan surgery (26) and Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF: 25). Subjects with CC were also compared to a group of healthy controls (28) comparable in gender, BMI and age. Analyzing the cardiovascular response of the subjects with CC compared with the control group revealed some significant differences. In general, the boys with TGA had a similar functional capacity to the healthy in terms of VO2/kg (37.5 ± 9.1 vs 44.2 ± 6.5 ml/kg/min) and limited VO2 % of the predicted (84.2 ± 17.8 vs 111.1 ± 19.4 %). There is a similar situation for the young people with CoA, however, marked differences were observed in the response of systolic blood pressure at rest (120.4 ± 14.5 vs 107 ± 114.7 mmHg) and at maximum effort diastolic blood pressure (59.8 ± 15.8 vs 51.1 ± 12.9 mmHg) compared to healthy controls. The functional capacity of this group was the most similar compared to the control group (VO2/kg 41.1 ± 8.2 ml/kg/min; predicted VO2 % 98.9 ± 16.7 %). The subjects with ToF and those who underwent Fontan surgery presented the most significant differences in cardiovascular response and functional capacity. In relation to the latter, the subjects with ToF reported different values compared to the control group (VO2/kg 34.6 ± 7.6 ml/kg/min; VO2 % of predicted 85.8 ± 16.9 %) as did the young Fontan subjects who achieved the lowest values compared to the other disease groups (VO2/kg 32.3 ± 6.3 ml/kg/min; VO2 % of predicted 76.8 ± 16.1 %).Univentricular heart patients undergoing Fontan surgery have the lowest peripheral oxygen saturation both at rest (96.7 ± 2.7 vs 100% of healthy individuals) and at peak exercise (92.2 ± 4.7 vs 99.2 ± 0.8 % of healthy individuals); they also achieved the lowest FCmax expressed as % of predicted (83.2 ± 9.5 vs 92.2 ± 4.7% of healthy individuals) and the second highest FC/VO2 slope (8.6 ± 3.9 vs 6.8 ± 3.1 of healthy individuals). Regarding the adolescents with ToF, the FC/VO2 slope was significant as they reached the highest absolute value (8.9 ± 4.1). Children with CoA have an altered cardiovascular response to exercise, particularly subjects with ToF (slope FC/VO2) and subjects with univentricular heart undergoing Fontan surgery. The most altered pressure profile was found within the group of subjects with CoA. In addition, reduced functional capacity (peak VO2) and overall work capacity (METs) were found in all groups, an observation that is more pronounced in Fontan and subjects with ToF. Performing the cardiopulmonary test must be the starting point for exercise prescription performed by doctor and implemented within the health gyms by kinesiologists to improve the cardiovascular response and the functional capacity of these subjects.
Le cardiopatie congenite (CC) sono un gruppo eterogeneo di patologie presenti dalla nascita caratterizzate da modificazioni strutturali del cuore e/o dei grossi vasi dovute ad alterazioni durante lo sviluppo embrionale. La prevalenza è intorno all’1% dei nati vivi ed il miglioramento delle tecniche cardiochirurgiche ha aumentato esponenzialmente la sopravvivenza facendo emergere il problema della loro idoneità o meno alla pratica sportiva. Lo scopo del presente studio osservazionale caso e controllo è la valutazione, tramite test da sforzo cardiopolmonare, della risposta cardiocircolatoria all’esercizio fisico in bambini e adolescenti con CC in relazione a quella di un gruppo di controllo. La popolazione iniziale era di 116 soggetti da cui sono stati esclusi i soggetti portatori di pacemaker, coloro che assumevano terapia beta-bloccante, chi aveva svolto la prova su cicloergometro e coloro che avevano sostenuto la prova con un protocollo treadmill diverso da quello di Bruce. In seguito il campione risultava composto da 103 soggetti, suddivisi in 4 gruppi di CC specifiche: Trasposizione delle grandi arterie (TGA: 26), Coartazione aortica (CoA: 26), Cuori univentricolari sottoposti a intervento di Fontan (26) e Tetralogia di Fallot (ToF: 25). Questi soggetti sono stati confrontati con un gruppo di controlli sani (28) paragonabili per genere, BMI ed età. In generale i ragazzi con TGA hanno una capacità funzionale simile ai sani in termini di VO2/kg (37,5 ± 9,1 vs 44,2 ± 6,5 ml/kg/min), ma limitata se espressa come VO2 % del predetto (84,2±17,8% vs 111,1±19,4). Analoga situazione per i giovani con CoA, dove però, rispetto ai controlli sani, si osservano marcate differenze nella risposta della PAS a riposo (120,4±14,5 mmHg vs 107±114,7 mmHg) e al massimo sforzo nella PAD (59,8±15,8 mmHg vs 51,1±12,9 mmHg). La capacità funzionale di questo gruppo è risultata la più simile al gruppo di controllo (VO2 /kg =41,1 ±8,2 ml/kg/min; VO2 % del predetto 98,9 ±16,7%).I soggetti con ToF e quelli sottoposti a intervento di Fontan hanno presentato le differenze maggiormente significative in ambito di risposta cardiocircolatoria e capacità funzionale. In relazione a quest’ultima i soggetti con ToF hanno riportato valori differenti rispetto al gruppo di controllo (VO2 /kg 34,6±7,6 ml/kg/min; VO2 % del predetto 85,8±16,9 %) così come i giovani Fontan che hanno raggiunto i valori più bassi rispetto gli altri gruppi con CC (VO2 /kg =32,3±6,3 ml/kg/min; VO2 % del predetto 76,8±16,1 %).I ragazzi con cuore univentricolare sottoposti a intervento di Fontan hanno i valori di saturazione periferica dell’ossigeno più bassi in assoluto sia a riposo (96,7±2,7% vs 100% dei sani) che al picco di esercizio (92,2±4,7 % vs 99,2±0,8% dei sani); inoltre raggiungono la più bassa FC max espressa come percentuale del predetto ( 83,2±9,5 % vs 92,2±4,7% dei sani) e il secondo più alto FC/VO2 slope (8,6±3,9 vs 6,8±3,1 dei sani). Negli adolescenti con ToF è significativo lo slope FC/VO2 in quanto hanno raggiunto il valore più alto in assoluto (8,9±4,1). I ragazzi con CC hanno una risposta cardiocircolatoria all’esercizio alterata, in particolare i soggetti con ToF (in particolare per lo slope FC/VO2) ed i soggetti con cuore univentricolare sottoposti a intervento di Fontan. Il profilo pressorio più alterato è stato rilevato all’interno del gruppo dei soggetti con CoA. In tutti i gruppi, inoltre, è stata osservata una ridotta capacità funzionale (VO2 di picco) e lavorativa complessiva (METs), più evidente nei Fontan e nei soggetti con ToF.L’esecuzione del test da sforzo cardiopolmonare deve rappresentare il punto di partenza per strutturare una prescrizione di esercizio personalizzata, che deve essere formulata da medici competenti ed attuata all’interno delle Palestre della salute dai laureati STAMPA per migliorare la risposta cardiocircolatoria e la capacità funzionale di questi soggetti.
La risposta cardiocircolatoria all’esercizio fisico in bambini con cardiopatie congenite: Valutazione tramite il test da sforzo cardiopolmonare.
BALLARIN, ELISA
2021/2022
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CC) represents a heterogeneous group of conditions present at birth characterized by structural changes in the heart or large vessels due to alterations during embryonic development. The prevalence is around 1% of live births and improvements in cardiac surgical have led to an exponential increase in survival and has brought to light the relevant issue of whether or not they should play sports.The aim of this observational case-control study is to evaluate, by cardiopulmonary testing, the cardiovascular response to exercise in children and adolescents with CC in comparison with a control group.The initial population comprised 116 subjects from which all subjects who were pacemaker wearers, those taking beta-blocker therapy, those who had taken the cycle ergometer test and finally subjects who had taken the test with a treadmill protocol other than Bruce's were excluded.After this selection, the sample consisted of 103 subjects, divided into four groups of specific congenital heart diseases: Transposition of the great arteries (TGA: 26), aortic coarctation (CoA: 26), univentricular hearts undergoing Fontan surgery (26) and Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF: 25). Subjects with CC were also compared to a group of healthy controls (28) comparable in gender, BMI and age. Analyzing the cardiovascular response of the subjects with CC compared with the control group revealed some significant differences. In general, the boys with TGA had a similar functional capacity to the healthy in terms of VO2/kg (37.5 ± 9.1 vs 44.2 ± 6.5 ml/kg/min) and limited VO2 % of the predicted (84.2 ± 17.8 vs 111.1 ± 19.4 %). There is a similar situation for the young people with CoA, however, marked differences were observed in the response of systolic blood pressure at rest (120.4 ± 14.5 vs 107 ± 114.7 mmHg) and at maximum effort diastolic blood pressure (59.8 ± 15.8 vs 51.1 ± 12.9 mmHg) compared to healthy controls. The functional capacity of this group was the most similar compared to the control group (VO2/kg 41.1 ± 8.2 ml/kg/min; predicted VO2 % 98.9 ± 16.7 %). The subjects with ToF and those who underwent Fontan surgery presented the most significant differences in cardiovascular response and functional capacity. In relation to the latter, the subjects with ToF reported different values compared to the control group (VO2/kg 34.6 ± 7.6 ml/kg/min; VO2 % of predicted 85.8 ± 16.9 %) as did the young Fontan subjects who achieved the lowest values compared to the other disease groups (VO2/kg 32.3 ± 6.3 ml/kg/min; VO2 % of predicted 76.8 ± 16.1 %).Univentricular heart patients undergoing Fontan surgery have the lowest peripheral oxygen saturation both at rest (96.7 ± 2.7 vs 100% of healthy individuals) and at peak exercise (92.2 ± 4.7 vs 99.2 ± 0.8 % of healthy individuals); they also achieved the lowest FCmax expressed as % of predicted (83.2 ± 9.5 vs 92.2 ± 4.7% of healthy individuals) and the second highest FC/VO2 slope (8.6 ± 3.9 vs 6.8 ± 3.1 of healthy individuals). Regarding the adolescents with ToF, the FC/VO2 slope was significant as they reached the highest absolute value (8.9 ± 4.1). Children with CoA have an altered cardiovascular response to exercise, particularly subjects with ToF (slope FC/VO2) and subjects with univentricular heart undergoing Fontan surgery. The most altered pressure profile was found within the group of subjects with CoA. In addition, reduced functional capacity (peak VO2) and overall work capacity (METs) were found in all groups, an observation that is more pronounced in Fontan and subjects with ToF. Performing the cardiopulmonary test must be the starting point for exercise prescription performed by doctor and implemented within the health gyms by kinesiologists to improve the cardiovascular response and the functional capacity of these subjects.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/32600