In mm-wave CMOS FMCW radar architectures, due to the low quality factor of capacitors at these frequencies ( > 27 GHz), it’s common to generate the local oscillator (LO) signal at a submultiple of the system frequency (typically half) and then to obtain the desired signal through a frequency multiplier, so to ease the VCO's design. The distribution chain of the LO signal has a significant impact on the energy balance of the chip. It is therefore reasonable to investigate a half-rate LO distribution, as lower losses along the chain, lower consumption and greater gain from the LO buffers can be expected. Furthermore, in the radar considered in this work there is also a phase-shifter (one for each RX branch): operating at half frequency would mean that the shifter would only have to cover 90 degrees, with the double advantage of reducing losses and area occupation of the device. The aim of this thesis is therefore to investigate the use of sub-harmonic mixers in the radar receiver, hence obtaining the zero-IF conversion using a half-frequency LO signal (from 60 GHz to 30 GHz). Starting from a review of the state of the art of subharmonic mixers and mm-wave FMCW radars, the performance and suitability of these circuits for CMOS technology radar applications will be investigated and compared to conventional architectures.
Nei sistemi radar FMCW mm-wave in tecnologia CMOS, per far fronte al pessimo fattore di qualità dei condensatori nelle onde millimetriche (>27 GHz) e quindi facilitare il design del VCO, è prassi generare il segnale dell'oscillatore locale (LO) a un sottomultiplo della frequenza di lavoro del sistema (tipicamente la metà) per poi raddoppiarla tramite un moltiplicatore di frequenza, ottenendo così il segnale desiderato. La catena di distribuzione del segnale LO ha un impatto rilevante sul bilancio energetico del chip, è lecito dunque valutare una distribuzione dell’LO a metà frequenza, in quanto è ragionevole aspettarsi minori perdite, minori consumi e maggiore guadagno da parte dei buffer lungo la catena. Inoltre, nel radar trattato in questo lavoro è presente un phase-shifter (uno per ogni ramo RX): operare a metà frequenza comporta che lo shifter dove coprire solamente un range di 90 gradi, con il duplice vantaggio di ridurre le perdite e l’occupazione di area del dispositivo. Scopo della tesi è dunque investigare l'impiego dei mixer subarmonici nel front-end di ricezione del radar, ottenendo la conversione zero-IF utilizzando un segnale LO a metà frequenza (da 60 GHz nominali a 30 GHz). A partire da una revisione dello stato dell'arte dei mixer subarmonici e dei mm-WAVE FMCW radar, verranno investigate le prestazioni e l'adeguatezza dei suddetti circuiti rispetto a un’architettura radar CMOS convenzionale.
Studio di fattibilità della distribuzione dell'LO a metà frequenza per un radar FMCW a 60 GHz in tecnologia CMOS nanometrica
PECILE, DAVIDE
2021/2022
Abstract
In mm-wave CMOS FMCW radar architectures, due to the low quality factor of capacitors at these frequencies ( > 27 GHz), it’s common to generate the local oscillator (LO) signal at a submultiple of the system frequency (typically half) and then to obtain the desired signal through a frequency multiplier, so to ease the VCO's design. The distribution chain of the LO signal has a significant impact on the energy balance of the chip. It is therefore reasonable to investigate a half-rate LO distribution, as lower losses along the chain, lower consumption and greater gain from the LO buffers can be expected. Furthermore, in the radar considered in this work there is also a phase-shifter (one for each RX branch): operating at half frequency would mean that the shifter would only have to cover 90 degrees, with the double advantage of reducing losses and area occupation of the device. The aim of this thesis is therefore to investigate the use of sub-harmonic mixers in the radar receiver, hence obtaining the zero-IF conversion using a half-frequency LO signal (from 60 GHz to 30 GHz). Starting from a review of the state of the art of subharmonic mixers and mm-wave FMCW radars, the performance and suitability of these circuits for CMOS technology radar applications will be investigated and compared to conventional architectures.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/33222