At the beginning of 2020 the world was swept over by the circulation of a new virus, subsequently named SARS-CoV-2, that led to the COVID-19 pandemic. To date, more than 757 million of cases from the beginning of the pandemic have been registered globally, while the deaths have reached almost 7 million [1]. Over the last three years, the virus accumulated various mutations in its genome, giving rise to different variants, which strongly challenged the prevention and containment measures, as well as some therapeutic treatments. To monitor the emergence of novel and potentially more dangerous variants, it is crucial to track viral mutations through the sequencing of viral genomes. Moreover, identifying particular host conditions, where viral evolution occurs more rapidly is fundamental for surveillance purposes, since these patients can be strictly monitored. Many studies hypothesised that some variants could be generated due to the different intra-host environment specific of the immunocompromised patients [2, 3, 4], who often remain viraemic for longer periods and show a big accumulation of mutations over time [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. In this thesis, the intra-host evolution of SARS-CoV-2 was investigated in a group of immunocompromised patients and in a group of immunocompetent patients, with the aim of assessing, by considering equal infection windows, if the immunocompromised patients are more prone to the acquisition of new viral mutations during infection. For this purpose, the viral genome belonging to longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 samples of ten immunocompromised and twelve immunocompetent patients was sequenced and analysed. Initially, the variations in time of the major viral mutations (supported by over 50% of the reads) were identified for each patient and compared between immunocompromised and immunocompetent subjects. Afterwards the appearing/disappearing major viral mutations were further analysed and characterized. Ultimately, the minor viral mutations (supported by more than 1% and less than 50% of reads) were identified, and their abundance was compared between the immunocompromised and the immunocompetent groups. The aforementioned analyses allowed a detailed comparison between the intra-host viral evolution occurring in immunocompromised and in immunocompetent patients.
All’inizio del 2020 il mondo è stato travolto dalla circolazione di un nuovo virus, poi battezzato SARS-CoV-2, che ha presto dato inizio alla tristemente nota pandemia di COVID-19. Ad oggi, a livello mondiale, sono più di 757 milioni i casi confermati da inizio pandemia, mentre i morti hanno quasi raggiunto quota 7 milioni [1]. Nel corso di questi tre anni il virus ha avuto modo di mutare più volte, dando origine a diverse varianti, che hanno messo a dura prova le misure di prevenzione e di contenimento, nonché alcuni trattamenti terapeutici. Al fine di tenere sotto controllo l’emergere di nuove varianti potenzialmente più pericolose delle precedenti, si è rivelato fin da subito cruciale il tracciamento delle mutazioni virali, reso possibile dal sequenziamento del genoma virale. Inoltre, identificare particolari condizioni dell’ospite che favoriscano l’evoluzione virale ottimizzerebbe il tracciamento delle mutazioni; infatti, i pazienti soggetti a queste particolari condizioni potrebbero essere maggiormente monitorati. Alcuni studi hanno ipotizzato che alcune varianti possano essere state generate dalle differenti condizioni immunitarie dei pazienti immunocompromessi [2, 3, 4], che solitamente rimangono positivi a lungo e riportano un grande accumularsi di mutazioni nel tempo [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. In questa tesi è stata investigata l’evoluzione virale intra-ospite in un gruppo di pazienti immunocompromessi e in un gruppo di pazienti immunocompetenti, con l’obiettivo di verificare se, a parità di finestre d’infezione considerate, i pazienti immunocompromessi fossero maggiormente propensi alla generazione di nuove mutazioni virali nel corso dell’infezione. A tal fine è stato analizzato il genoma virale di campioni longitudinali di SARS-CoV-2 di dieci pazienti immunocompromessi e di dodici pazienti immunocompetenti. Inizialmente sono state identificate, per ogni soggetto, le variazioni delle mutazioni maggioritarie (supportate da più del 50% di reads) nel tempo, confrontando immunocompromessi e immunocompetenti. Dopodiché le mutazioni maggioritarie che compaiono o scompaiono nel corso dell’infezione dei singoli pazienti sono state ulteriormente analizzate e caratterizzate. In ultimo si sono identificate le mutazioni minoritarie (supportate da un numero di reads compreso fra 1% e 50%), confrontandone la numerosità fra pazienti immunocompromessi e immunocompetenti. Le sopracitate analisi hanno consentito di effettuare un approfondito confronto fra l’evoluzione virale intra-ospite in pazienti immunocompromessi e immunocompetenti.
Intra-host SARS-CoV-2 evolution in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals
VANZO, ELENA
2022/2023
Abstract
At the beginning of 2020 the world was swept over by the circulation of a new virus, subsequently named SARS-CoV-2, that led to the COVID-19 pandemic. To date, more than 757 million of cases from the beginning of the pandemic have been registered globally, while the deaths have reached almost 7 million [1]. Over the last three years, the virus accumulated various mutations in its genome, giving rise to different variants, which strongly challenged the prevention and containment measures, as well as some therapeutic treatments. To monitor the emergence of novel and potentially more dangerous variants, it is crucial to track viral mutations through the sequencing of viral genomes. Moreover, identifying particular host conditions, where viral evolution occurs more rapidly is fundamental for surveillance purposes, since these patients can be strictly monitored. Many studies hypothesised that some variants could be generated due to the different intra-host environment specific of the immunocompromised patients [2, 3, 4], who often remain viraemic for longer periods and show a big accumulation of mutations over time [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. In this thesis, the intra-host evolution of SARS-CoV-2 was investigated in a group of immunocompromised patients and in a group of immunocompetent patients, with the aim of assessing, by considering equal infection windows, if the immunocompromised patients are more prone to the acquisition of new viral mutations during infection. For this purpose, the viral genome belonging to longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 samples of ten immunocompromised and twelve immunocompetent patients was sequenced and analysed. Initially, the variations in time of the major viral mutations (supported by over 50% of the reads) were identified for each patient and compared between immunocompromised and immunocompetent subjects. Afterwards the appearing/disappearing major viral mutations were further analysed and characterized. Ultimately, the minor viral mutations (supported by more than 1% and less than 50% of reads) were identified, and their abundance was compared between the immunocompromised and the immunocompetent groups. The aforementioned analyses allowed a detailed comparison between the intra-host viral evolution occurring in immunocompromised and in immunocompetent patients.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/43348