Eating disorders are severe psychological disorders with a chronic course, associated with a mortality rate between 10 and 12 times higher than in the general population (Hart et al., 2011). Since 2019 it has been estimated that approximately 14 million individuals have experienced EDs (Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2022), most of these, however, do not seek psychological treatment, experiencing significant impairment in their quality of life. The aim of this research is to understand what are, among an Italian sample, the barriers towards seeking psychological intervention by individuals with symptoms associated with EDs, as well as to evaluate how the aptitude towards seeking treatment changes based on psychological, social, and demographic factors. Data were collected through an online questionnaire, translated from the original English language and addressed to individuals aged 18 or over, Italian, who in their current and/or past history present and/or have presented symptoms associated with EDs and who have not sought psychological treatment for them; the diffusion of this tool was facilitated by a website and a social page dedicated. The statistical analysis was carried out on the answers of 243 participants, with heterogeneous demographic and clinical characteristics. The answers obtained provided information on eating symptoms, the degree of functional impairment, the perception of social stigma, the attitudes and barriers towards seeking psychological help. Based on the scores obtained on the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q, Fairburn et al., 2008), two groups were created and compared: clinical and subclinical. With regard to the attitude towards seeking psychological intervention, no significant differences were found between the two groups: the attitude does not tend to be worst following the worsening of the symptoms and with the consequent impairment of functioning in the clinical group. In addition, there are no significant differences based on the level of education achieved and on the age. Only in the subclinical group there is a negative relationship which, although weak, appears to be statistically significant between the level of aptitude of seeking psychological treatment and the score of EDE-Q. Consistent with initial hypotheses, the clinical group commonly recognizes a greater number of barriers than the subclinical group. Furthermore, the presence of a greater perception of stigmatization in the clinical group by their own social context is confirmed. In conclusion, the factors most commonly considered as barriers to seeking psychological treatment are social ones, including the perception of stigmatization and the desire to not increase others’ concerns, but also psychological ones, such as the key characteristics of EDs: the desire for self-sufficiency, denial of one's symptoms, fear of losing control and fear of change. Further elements of obstacle appear to be symptoms associated with anxious and depressive pathology. Despite the limitations of this research, the results represent a fundamental resource for the future creation of preventive interventions focused on overcoming these barriers, thus facilitating a greater demand for psychological treatment and a consequent improvement in the quality of life of patients.
I Disturbi dell’Alimentazione sono disturbi psicologici gravi e con un andamento cronico, associati ad un tasso di mortalità tra le 10 e le 12 volte superiore rispetto alla popolazione generale (Hart et al., 2011). Dal 2019 è stato stimato che circa 14 milioni di individui hanno presentato un ED (Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2022); la maggior parte di questi, tuttavia, non ricerca un trattamento psicologico, sperimentando una significativa compromissione della propria qualità di vita. Obiettivo di questa ricerca è comprendere quali siano, all’interno del contesto italiano, gli ostacoli alla ricerca di un intervento psicologico da parte di individui con sintomi associati agli EDs, nonché valutare come l’attitudine degli stessi a ricercare un trattamento psicologico si modifichi sulla base di fattori psicologici, sociali e demografici. I dati sono stati rilevati tramite la diffusione di un questionario online, tradotto dalla lingua originale inglese e indirizzato a individui di età pari o superiore a 18 anni, di nazionalità italiana, i quali nella propria storia attuale e/o passata presentano e/o hanno presentato sintomi associati a EDs e, i quali, non hanno ricercato un trattamento psicologico per gli stessi; la diffusione di questo strumento è stata favorita dalla creazione di un sito web e una pagina social a esso dedicati. L’analisi statistica è stata svolta sulle risposte fornite da 243 partecipanti, aventi caratteristiche demografiche e cliniche eterogenee. Le risposte ottenute fornivano informazioni circa la sintomatologia alimentare, il grado di compromissione funzionale, la percezione di stigma sociale, le attitudini alla ricerca di aiuto psicologico e la percezione di barriere verso tale ricerca di intervento. Sulla base dei punteggi ottenuti all’Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) sono stati creati, e posti a confronto, due gruppi: clinico e subclinico. In merito all’attitudine verso la ricerca di intervento psicologico non sono state riscontrate differenze significative tra i due gruppi: l’attitudine non tende a peggiorare con l’aggravarsi dei sintomi e con la conseguente compromissione del funzionamento nel gruppo clinico. In aggiunta, non sono emerse differenze significative sulla base del livello di scolarità e sulla base dell’età dei partecipanti. Solo nel gruppo subclinico si riscontra una relazione negativa che, seppur debole, risulta essere statisticamente significativa tra il livello di attitudine alla ricerca di trattamento psicologico e il punteggio ottenuto all’EDE-Q. In linea con le ipotesi iniziali, il gruppo clinico riconosce comunemente una maggiore quantità di barriere rispetto al gruppo subclinico. Viene inoltre confermata la presenza di una maggiore percezione di stigmatizzazione nel gruppo clinico da parte del proprio contesto sociale. In conclusione, i fattori più comunemente considerati come barriere alla ricerca di trattamento psicologico risultano essere di natura sociale, tra cui la percezione di stigmatizzazione e il desiderio di non aumentare la preoccupazione del proprio gruppo sociale in merito al proprio stato di salute, ma anche di natura psicologica, quali caratteristiche chiave degli EDs: il desiderio di autosufficienza, la negazione dei propri sintomi, la paura di perdere il controllo e del cambiamento. Ulteriori elementi di ostacolo risultano essere sintomi associati a disturbi ansiosi e depressivi. Nonostante i limiti di questa ricerca, i risultati rappresentano una risorsa fondamentale per la creazione futura di interventi preventivi focalizzati sul superamento di queste barriere, favorendo, in tal modo, una maggiore richiesta di trattamento psicologico e un conseguente miglioramento della qualità di vita dei pazienti.
Barriere alla ricerca di trattamento psicologico in individui con sintomi di Disturbi dell'Alimentazione
SCALTRITTI, MARTINA
2022/2023
Abstract
Eating disorders are severe psychological disorders with a chronic course, associated with a mortality rate between 10 and 12 times higher than in the general population (Hart et al., 2011). Since 2019 it has been estimated that approximately 14 million individuals have experienced EDs (Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2022), most of these, however, do not seek psychological treatment, experiencing significant impairment in their quality of life. The aim of this research is to understand what are, among an Italian sample, the barriers towards seeking psychological intervention by individuals with symptoms associated with EDs, as well as to evaluate how the aptitude towards seeking treatment changes based on psychological, social, and demographic factors. Data were collected through an online questionnaire, translated from the original English language and addressed to individuals aged 18 or over, Italian, who in their current and/or past history present and/or have presented symptoms associated with EDs and who have not sought psychological treatment for them; the diffusion of this tool was facilitated by a website and a social page dedicated. The statistical analysis was carried out on the answers of 243 participants, with heterogeneous demographic and clinical characteristics. The answers obtained provided information on eating symptoms, the degree of functional impairment, the perception of social stigma, the attitudes and barriers towards seeking psychological help. Based on the scores obtained on the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q, Fairburn et al., 2008), two groups were created and compared: clinical and subclinical. With regard to the attitude towards seeking psychological intervention, no significant differences were found between the two groups: the attitude does not tend to be worst following the worsening of the symptoms and with the consequent impairment of functioning in the clinical group. In addition, there are no significant differences based on the level of education achieved and on the age. Only in the subclinical group there is a negative relationship which, although weak, appears to be statistically significant between the level of aptitude of seeking psychological treatment and the score of EDE-Q. Consistent with initial hypotheses, the clinical group commonly recognizes a greater number of barriers than the subclinical group. Furthermore, the presence of a greater perception of stigmatization in the clinical group by their own social context is confirmed. In conclusion, the factors most commonly considered as barriers to seeking psychological treatment are social ones, including the perception of stigmatization and the desire to not increase others’ concerns, but also psychological ones, such as the key characteristics of EDs: the desire for self-sufficiency, denial of one's symptoms, fear of losing control and fear of change. Further elements of obstacle appear to be symptoms associated with anxious and depressive pathology. Despite the limitations of this research, the results represent a fundamental resource for the future creation of preventive interventions focused on overcoming these barriers, thus facilitating a greater demand for psychological treatment and a consequent improvement in the quality of life of patients.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/47734