The impact of technology on decision-making in sports: the case of Video Assistant Referee.

This thesis explores the evolution of decision-making processes, from individual motivation to collective outcomes, within the context of a changing environment. The research incorporates a comprehensive analysis of relevant literature, comparing the perspectives of influential authors such as Vroom and Maslow. Furthermore, it investigates the application of decision-making processes in the world of sports, focusing on the role of football referees as both upholders of rules and bearers of ethical principles. In the first section is examined the historical development of decision-making. It is also emphasized the significance of experience, training, and integrity as crucial characteristics of a football referee. The second section highlights the increasing role of technology in sports, particularly in aiding match officials' decision-making processes. Here are explored the implementation of Goal Line Technology, a system that utilizes electronic aids to provide accurate decisions, and the introduction of Video Assistant Referee (VAR) technology in football, including its journey of adoption in the Italian Serie A. Moving to the realm of international competitions, the third section delves into the UEFA European Championship, where are highlighted the experiences of match officials in charge of Euro 2020. Similar to the previous section is assessed the impact of VAR technology during the European Championship through a data analysis, determining its influence on match officials' performance. The final section focuses on the FIFA World Cup in Qatar 2022. It introduces Semi-Automated Offside Technology (SAOT) and explores its applications in assisting referees and enhancing their decision-making processes. Furthermore, the utilization of Electronic Performance and Tracking Systems (EPTS) is investigated, examining how referee can use data analysis in preparation for their matches. By examining the historical, technological, and international dimensions of decision-making processes in the context of sports, this thesis contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the evolving landscape and potential future developments in this field.