Nanostructures are interesting systems for the scientific research, both from a theoretical and an experimental point of view, also because they allow to investigate a wide range of phenomena. In particular, the recent discovery of a "chemical surgery" method to insert ions or small molecules inside buckminsterfullerene C60} increased further the interest about the endohedral nanostructures. When a polar molecule, like water, is encapsulated inside a fullerene the total electric dipole moment of the endohedral structure is the result of the interaction of the molecule with the surrounding nanostructure and, according to independent first-principles calculations, is significantly reduced with respect to that of an isolated water molecule ("screening" effect). The investigation has been subsequently extended to larger nanostrutures and nanocages composed of atoms different from carbons. By evaluating the dipole moment of endohedral nanocages, it was found that the screening effect crucially depends on the nature of the intramolecular bonds of the surrounding nanocage: in particular, it is maximized by covalent-bond carbon nanostructures, while interestingly, alkali-halide, fullerene-like nanocages, exhibit instead an "antiscreening" effect since they act as dipole-moment amplifiers. The aim of this thesis work is the first-principles characterization of the antiscreening effect in other nanostructures, namely alkali-halide nanotubes, this choice being motivated by recent theoretical and experimental studies concerning the stability and the many potential applications of these nanotubes. In particular, we have considered, as the most promising systems, nanotubes with octagonal transversal section and six layers in the longitudinal direction. As a preliminary step the stability of nanotubes made by different binary combinations of alkali metals and halides has been performed, finding that the Lithium-Fluoride (LiF) nanotube is the most stable one. Next we have investigated, by first-principles techniques based on the Density Functional Theory (DFT), the properties of endohedral alkali-halide nanotubes obtained by encapsulation of a water molecule, similarly to what done in previous applications to alkali-halide, fullerene-like nanocages. Basically, all the considered alkali-halide nanotubes, with octagonal transversal section, exhibit a characteristic antiscreening effect, which tends to increase as a function of the number of layers in the longitudinal direction. Interestingly, the specific geometric structure of the nanotube seems to be crucial for triggering the antiscreening phenomenon. In fact, calculations on an endohedral nanostructure with dodecagonal section (instead of octogonal) indicate a reduction of the total dipole moment, so that a screening behavior similar to that observed in more conventional carbon nanocages is observed. Finally, we have also studied endohedral Li24F24 nanostructures where the encapsulated water molecule is replaced by linear, ionic-bonded molecules, NaF and LiF having a dipole moment even larger that that of the water molecule.
Le nanostrutture stanno attirando grande attenzione sia dal punto di vista teorico che in relazione a molte possibili applicazioni tecnologiche. Si osservano interessanti effetti di schermatura quando piccole molecole aventi un momento di dipolo elettrico sono incapsulate in nanogabbie simili al fullerene. In particolare, recenti simulazioni ab-initio dimostrano che questi effetti di schermatura dipendono in modo cruciale dalla natura dei legami intramolecolari della gabbia. Formando legami covalenti, le nanogabbie in carbonio producono effetti di schermatura. Nelle nanogabbie di Alcali-Alogenuri invece, essendo formate da legami ionici, si osserva un effetto antischermante: infatti, tramite lo spostamento di ioni positivi e negativi indotti dal momento di dipolo della molecola incapsulata, queste gabbie agiscono come amplificatori del campo di dipolo. Le precedenti analisi dettagliate, basate sulla valutazione del momento di dipolo effettivo del complesso endoedrale, sono state estese in questo lavoro di tesi ai nanotubi di Alcali-Alogenuri, i quali hanno dimostrato di poter formare possibili nanostrutture stabili sia da un punto di vista teorico che sperimentale. E' stato condotto uno studio preliminare per classificare la stabilità di diversi nanotubi di Alcali-Alogenuri, determinando che quello in Fluoruro di Litio, avente sezione trasversale ottagonale e sei strati in direzione longitudinale, è il più stabile da un punto di vista energetico. Successivamente, tramite simulazioni ab-initio basate sulla teoria del funzionale della densità (DFT), sono state studiate le poprietà fisiche dei nanotubi similmente a quanto fatto per le nanogabbie di Alcali-Alogenuri. Sostanzialmente, tutti i nanotubi di Alcali-Alogenuri con sezione ottagonale analizzati hanno mostrato un effetto antischermante. E' stato notato con interesse che la specifica geometria del nanotubo sembra innescare il fenomeno di antischermatura. Infatti, calcoli svolti su nanotubi a sezione dodecagonale (invece che ottagonale) hanno dimostrato la presenza di un effetto schermante, similmente a quanto osservato nelle nanogabbie in carbonio. Sono stati studiati anche altri composti endoedrali con molecole incapsulate diverse dall'acqua, ovvero NaF e LiF.
Screening effects in Alkali-Halide nanostructures
TESSAROLO, MATTEO
2022/2023
Abstract
Nanostructures are interesting systems for the scientific research, both from a theoretical and an experimental point of view, also because they allow to investigate a wide range of phenomena. In particular, the recent discovery of a "chemical surgery" method to insert ions or small molecules inside buckminsterfullerene C60} increased further the interest about the endohedral nanostructures. When a polar molecule, like water, is encapsulated inside a fullerene the total electric dipole moment of the endohedral structure is the result of the interaction of the molecule with the surrounding nanostructure and, according to independent first-principles calculations, is significantly reduced with respect to that of an isolated water molecule ("screening" effect). The investigation has been subsequently extended to larger nanostrutures and nanocages composed of atoms different from carbons. By evaluating the dipole moment of endohedral nanocages, it was found that the screening effect crucially depends on the nature of the intramolecular bonds of the surrounding nanocage: in particular, it is maximized by covalent-bond carbon nanostructures, while interestingly, alkali-halide, fullerene-like nanocages, exhibit instead an "antiscreening" effect since they act as dipole-moment amplifiers. The aim of this thesis work is the first-principles characterization of the antiscreening effect in other nanostructures, namely alkali-halide nanotubes, this choice being motivated by recent theoretical and experimental studies concerning the stability and the many potential applications of these nanotubes. In particular, we have considered, as the most promising systems, nanotubes with octagonal transversal section and six layers in the longitudinal direction. As a preliminary step the stability of nanotubes made by different binary combinations of alkali metals and halides has been performed, finding that the Lithium-Fluoride (LiF) nanotube is the most stable one. Next we have investigated, by first-principles techniques based on the Density Functional Theory (DFT), the properties of endohedral alkali-halide nanotubes obtained by encapsulation of a water molecule, similarly to what done in previous applications to alkali-halide, fullerene-like nanocages. Basically, all the considered alkali-halide nanotubes, with octagonal transversal section, exhibit a characteristic antiscreening effect, which tends to increase as a function of the number of layers in the longitudinal direction. Interestingly, the specific geometric structure of the nanotube seems to be crucial for triggering the antiscreening phenomenon. In fact, calculations on an endohedral nanostructure with dodecagonal section (instead of octogonal) indicate a reduction of the total dipole moment, so that a screening behavior similar to that observed in more conventional carbon nanocages is observed. Finally, we have also studied endohedral Li24F24 nanostructures where the encapsulated water molecule is replaced by linear, ionic-bonded molecules, NaF and LiF having a dipole moment even larger that that of the water molecule.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/48930