This thesis project involves the synthesis of some molecules of potential interest in the field of radiopharmaceuticals. These molecules are chelators, organic compounds usually composed by carbon, oxygen and nitrogen atoms, whose function is to chelate radioactive ions, which are used in nuclear oncology medicine for the diagnosis and/or therapy of mainly tumour-related diseases. In radiopharmaceuticals, the chelator is functionalised with a group so that it can bind to a targeting-agent via a linker (spacer), thus obtaining the bifunctional chelator. Advances in radiopharmacological studies and research have made it possible to design and synthesize new chelators considered useful for chelating 'unknown' radionuclides in the medical field, such as copper(II) and radium(II). The first chelator synthesized is DO4NH2 [1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrakis(2-ethylamine)], a new molecule that is supposed to chelate bordeline-type radionuclides, such as Cu(II). Following several trials, the synthetic route that proved to be most fruitful for the production of DO4NH2 involves three main steps: an initial protection of 2-chloroethylamine with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, subsequent N-alkylation of cyclen with tert-butyl (2-chloroethyl) carbamate, and finally deprotection of tert-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC). Two other chelators were then synthesized that could be used in Ra(II)-based radiopharmaceuticals: 6,6'-[(1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacycloctadecane-7,16-diol)bis(methylene)]dipicolinic acid (MACROPA) and {6,6'-[(1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacycloctadecane-7,16-diol) bis(methylene)] bis(pyridin-6,2-diol)} diphosphonic acid (MACROPHOSPHO). Looking forward, some analytical characterizations will be carried out in order to determine the acidity constants of the chelators and the stability constants of the complexes formed with Cu(II) and Ra(II) ions.
Il progetto di tesi prevede la sintesi di alcune molecole di potenziale interesse nell’ambito dei radiofarmaci. Si tratta di chelanti, molecole organiche solitamente costituite da atomi di carbonio, ossigeno e azoto, la cui funzione è quella di chelare ioni radioattivi, i quali vengono utilizzati in medicina oncologica nucleare per la diagnosi e/o la terapia di malattie principalmente a carattere tumorale. Nei radiofarmaci questa molecola viene funzionalizzata con un gruppo affinché possa legarsi ad un targeting-agent tramite un linker (spaziatore), ottenendo così il chelante bifunzionale. I progressi nello studio e nella ricerca radiofarmacologica hanno permesso di disegnare e sintetizzare nuovi chelanti ritenuti utili per chelare radionuclidi “sconosciuti” nel campo medico, come quelli di rame(II) e radio(II). Il primo chelante sintetizzato è il DO4NH2 [1,4,7,10-tetraazaciclododecano-1,4,7,10-tetrakis(2-etilammina)], una nuova molecola che si suppone possa chelare radionuclidi di tipo bordeline, come appunto Cu(II). In seguito a diverse prove, la via sintetica che si è rivelata più proficua per la produzione del DO4NH2 prevede tre passaggi principali: una prima protezione della 2-cloroetilammina con di-ter-butile dicarbonato, successiva N-alchilazione del cyclen con terz-butile (2-cloroetil) carbammato, ed infine deprotezione del ter-butilossicarbonile (BOC). Sono stati poi sintetizzati altri due chelanti che invece potrebbero essere utilizzati nei radiofarmaci a base di Ra(II): l’acido 6,6'-[(1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacicloctadecano-7,16-diolo)bis(metilene)]dipicolinico (Macropa) e l’acido {6,6'-[(1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacicloctadecan-7,16-diolo) bis (metilene)] bis (piridin-6,2-diolo)} difosfonico (Macrophospho). In prospettiva, saranno svolte alcune caratterizzazioni analitiche al fine di determinare le costanti di acidità dei chelanti e quelle di complessamento con gli ioni Cu(II) e Ra(II).
SINTESI DI NUOVI POSSIBILI CHELANTI PER RADIOFARMACI A BASE DI RAME E RADIO
FRANCO, GIACOMO
2022/2023
Abstract
This thesis project involves the synthesis of some molecules of potential interest in the field of radiopharmaceuticals. These molecules are chelators, organic compounds usually composed by carbon, oxygen and nitrogen atoms, whose function is to chelate radioactive ions, which are used in nuclear oncology medicine for the diagnosis and/or therapy of mainly tumour-related diseases. In radiopharmaceuticals, the chelator is functionalised with a group so that it can bind to a targeting-agent via a linker (spacer), thus obtaining the bifunctional chelator. Advances in radiopharmacological studies and research have made it possible to design and synthesize new chelators considered useful for chelating 'unknown' radionuclides in the medical field, such as copper(II) and radium(II). The first chelator synthesized is DO4NH2 [1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrakis(2-ethylamine)], a new molecule that is supposed to chelate bordeline-type radionuclides, such as Cu(II). Following several trials, the synthetic route that proved to be most fruitful for the production of DO4NH2 involves three main steps: an initial protection of 2-chloroethylamine with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, subsequent N-alkylation of cyclen with tert-butyl (2-chloroethyl) carbamate, and finally deprotection of tert-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC). Two other chelators were then synthesized that could be used in Ra(II)-based radiopharmaceuticals: 6,6'-[(1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacycloctadecane-7,16-diol)bis(methylene)]dipicolinic acid (MACROPA) and {6,6'-[(1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacycloctadecane-7,16-diol) bis(methylene)] bis(pyridin-6,2-diol)} diphosphonic acid (MACROPHOSPHO). Looking forward, some analytical characterizations will be carried out in order to determine the acidity constants of the chelators and the stability constants of the complexes formed with Cu(II) and Ra(II) ions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/51860