Transcription factors are key elements of several biological processes such as control of cell cycle progression, differentiation of cells during development, immune response, or maintenance of intracellular metabolic balance. Their ability to regulate the transcription of specific sets of genes makes the cells responsive to diverse stimuli. They are dynamic elements participating in the last step of a signalling cascade with the ability to bind the DNA cooperating with other transcription factors and with numerous cofactors. They are elements of interest since dysregulation of the transcription leads to many diseases including cancer. For this reason, the complicated network of transcription factors and cofactors and their interactions is an active research field. In this work, two transcription factors TEAD and FOXO4 were analysed to retrieve some information about their structural change in conformation when they are interacting with the DNA response element and when they are in a mixture together either with or without the DNA. Based on previous evidence of a possible interaction between TEAD and FOXO4, the experiment was set on the use of isotopic cross-linkers conjugated with LC-MS analysis. The two proteins were studied in different conditions in the presence of the isotopically labelled DSA cross-linking agents. The positions of the cross-linked amino acids combined with the known cross-linking agent length that imposes a distance constraint between functional groups within a protein or a complex gave information on the 3D structure of TEAD, FOXO4 and their complex. Moreover, the isotopically labelled DSA cross-linker allowed the quantification of conformational changes of proteins under different conditions and the protein interaction dynamics. It was identified how the proteins change conformation when they are in the only presence of DNA. In the case of TEAD, 7 cross-links were depicted and among them, 3 highlighted a change in the structure of the protein in the presence of the DNA. On the contrary, for FOXO4 3 cross-links were identified which are slightly changing when the transcription factor interacts with the DNA. Furthermore, when TEAD and FOXO4 are mixed in the presence of the DNA, it was noticed that they interact and change conformation to adjust themselves in the formation of a ternary complex TEAD-FOXO4-DNA and a significant presence of a cross-link confirmed an interaction of TEAD and FOXO4 to form the complex with the DNA.
I fattori di trascrizione sono elementi fondamentali alla base di diversi processi biologici, tra cui la regolazione del ciclo cellulare e del differenziamento cellulare durante lo sviluppo, il controllo della risposta immunitaria e il mantenimento dell’omeostasi cellulare. La loro capacità di regolare la trascrizione di specifici geni permette alla cellula di rispondere a diversi stimoli esterni. Sono elementi dinamici che intervengono alla fine della cascata di trasduzione quando, attivati da diverse reazioni chimiche, legano il DNA e ne permettono la trascrizione. L‘interazione con il DNA avviene per la maggior parte dei casi in collaborazione con altri fattori di trascrizione o numerosi cofattori. Alterazioni di questo meccanismo portano all‘insorgenza di molteplici patologie tra cui il cancro. Per questo motivo, l’intricata rete in cui partecipano i fattori di trascrizione con i cofattori e le interazioni che creano è un campo della ricerca attivo. In questa tesi, due fattori di trascrizione, in particolare TEAD1 e FOXO4 sono stati analizzati per ottenere informazioni riguardo cambi conformazionali che avvengono nell’interazione con il DNA e nell’interazione proteina-proteina in assenza o in presenza del DNA. Basandosi su precedenti evidenze di una possibile interazione tra TEAD1 e FOXO4, è stato deciso di svolgere l’esperimento coniugando una reazione di cross-linking con l’analisi LC-MS. Le due proteine sono state analizzate in condizioni differenti utilizzando DSA cross-linker marcato con isotopi nella sua versione leggera e pesante. Conoscendo la posizione degli aminoacidi coinvolti nel legame con il cross-linking agent e sapendo che il cross-linking agent ha una lunghezza definita che determina la distanza tra i gruppi funzionali che lega, è stato possibile ottenere informazioni su come TEAD e FOX04 riarrangiano la loro conformazione Oltretutto, DSA cross-linker ha permesso, essendo marcato con isotopi, la quantificazione dei cambiamenti conformazionali avvenuti nelle proteine nelle condizioni studiate e le dinamiche di interazione delle proteine. Sono stati caratterizzati i cambi conformazionali delle proteine nella sola presenza del DNA. Nel caso di TEAD1, 7 cross-links sono stati individuati e tra questi, tre in particolare indicano che TEAD cambia conformazione nell‘interazione con il DNA. Al contrario, per FOXO4 i tre cross-links individuati rimangono quantitativamente invariati anche quando il fattore di trascrizione lega il DNA Inoltre, quando TEAD1 e FOXO4 sono in soluzione insieme, nell’aggiunta del DNA `e stato notata un’interazione tra le due proteine per formare un complesso ternario TEAD1-FOXO4-DNA. La presenza significativa del cross-link ha confermato quest’interazione.
Structural characterization of protein-DNA response element ternary complex
SERLINI, FEDERICA
2022/2023
Abstract
Transcription factors are key elements of several biological processes such as control of cell cycle progression, differentiation of cells during development, immune response, or maintenance of intracellular metabolic balance. Their ability to regulate the transcription of specific sets of genes makes the cells responsive to diverse stimuli. They are dynamic elements participating in the last step of a signalling cascade with the ability to bind the DNA cooperating with other transcription factors and with numerous cofactors. They are elements of interest since dysregulation of the transcription leads to many diseases including cancer. For this reason, the complicated network of transcription factors and cofactors and their interactions is an active research field. In this work, two transcription factors TEAD and FOXO4 were analysed to retrieve some information about their structural change in conformation when they are interacting with the DNA response element and when they are in a mixture together either with or without the DNA. Based on previous evidence of a possible interaction between TEAD and FOXO4, the experiment was set on the use of isotopic cross-linkers conjugated with LC-MS analysis. The two proteins were studied in different conditions in the presence of the isotopically labelled DSA cross-linking agents. The positions of the cross-linked amino acids combined with the known cross-linking agent length that imposes a distance constraint between functional groups within a protein or a complex gave information on the 3D structure of TEAD, FOXO4 and their complex. Moreover, the isotopically labelled DSA cross-linker allowed the quantification of conformational changes of proteins under different conditions and the protein interaction dynamics. It was identified how the proteins change conformation when they are in the only presence of DNA. In the case of TEAD, 7 cross-links were depicted and among them, 3 highlighted a change in the structure of the protein in the presence of the DNA. On the contrary, for FOXO4 3 cross-links were identified which are slightly changing when the transcription factor interacts with the DNA. Furthermore, when TEAD and FOXO4 are mixed in the presence of the DNA, it was noticed that they interact and change conformation to adjust themselves in the formation of a ternary complex TEAD-FOXO4-DNA and a significant presence of a cross-link confirmed an interaction of TEAD and FOXO4 to form the complex with the DNA.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/55922