Esophageal carcinomas are among the most aggressive cancers as 5-year survival is less than 20%. The alarming increase in the number of cases in the most developed countries highlights the need to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to fight these tumors. Serpin B3 over-expression (SCCA1), a human protein belonging to clade B of the Serine protease inhibitor family (SERPINS), has been identified in patients affected by these carcinomas. Serpin B3 is an already known marker for epithelial tumors such as cervical cancer: its over-expression guarantees survival to chemotherapy treatments, promoting cell proliferation and tissue invasion. Its relevance in lesions associated with Barrett's esophagus is due to an increased risk of carcinogenesis with a poor prognosis, especially due to reduced sensitivity to chemotherapy treatment in patients with over-expression of this protein. The aim of this work is to develop high-affinity antibody tools for Serpin B3 recognition, which can be used in marker detection during early tumor development or, subsequently, potentially applicable to the tumor mass treatment. Using Yeast Surface Display techniques, a library of nanobodies generated by immunization was screened against the target Serpin B3 and expressed on the surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The selection was carried out by repeated cycles of Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS), which allowed enriching the yeast population expressing nanobodies capable of binding Serpin B3. These analyses led to the identification of a series of clones, initially characterized for their binding properties on the yeast surface and subsequently cloned into recombinant expression vectors in Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffii). Once transformed by electroporation, the homologous recombination apparatus of Pichia pastoris promotes genomic integration of the vector, allowing the expression and purification of nanobodies with high yields. The obtained soluble nanobodies were used for biochemical and biophysical analysis characterizing the binding with the antigen.
I carcinomi esofagei sono fra i tumori più aggressivi in quanto la sopravvivenza a 5 anni è inferiore al 20%. L’aumento allarmante del numero di casi nei paesi più sviluppati mette in risalto la necessità di sviluppare nuovi approcci diagnostici e terapeutici per contrastare questo genere di neoplasie. In pazienti affetti da tali carcinomi è stata identificata la sovra-espressione di Serpin B3 (SCCA1), una proteina umana appartenente al clade B della famiglia degli inibitori di serin proteasi (SERPINS). Serpin B3 è un marcatore già noto per tumori epiteliali come il carcinoma della cervice: la sua sovra-espressione garantisce la sopravvivenza ai trattamenti chemioterapici, la promozione della proliferazione cellulare e l’invasione dei tessuti. La sua rilevanza nelle lesioni associate all’esofago di Barrett è riconducibile ad un aumentato rischio di carcinogenesi con prognosi negativa, soprattutto per la ridotta sensibilità al trattamento chemioterapico nei pazienti che presentano una sovra-espressione di tale proteina. Lo scopo di questo lavoro consiste nello sviluppo di strumenti anticorpali ad alta affinità per il riconoscimento di Serpin B3, impiegabili nella rilevazione del marcatore nella fase iniziale dello sviluppo tumorale, oppure potenzialmente applicabili al trattamento della massa tumorale in seguito. Tramite tecniche di Yeast Surface Display è stato effettuato lo screening di una libreria nanobodies, generata mediante immunizzazione, contro il target Serpin B3 ed espressa sulla superficie di Saccharomyces cerevisiae. La selezione è stata effettuata mediante ripetuti cicli di Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS), che hanno permesso di arricchire la popolazione di lievito in grado di esprimere i nanobodies leganti il target Serpin B3. Queste analisi hanno portato all’identificazione di una serie di cloni, inizialmente caratterizzati per le loro proprietà di legame sulla superficie del lievito e successivamente clonati in vettori di espressione ricombinante nel lievito Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffii). Una volta trasformato mediante elettroporazione, l’apparato di ricombinazione omologa di Pichia pastoris promuove l’integrazione genomica del vettore, consentendo l’espressione e la purifica dei nanobodies con elevate rese. I nanobodies ottenuti in forma solubile sono stati impiegati per analisi biochimiche e biofisiche caratterizzanti il legame con l’antigene.
Sviluppo di nanoanticorpi mediante Yeast Surface Display per l'identificazione di biomarcatori tumorali nel cancro all'esofago
FRANZIN, ELISA
2022/2023
Abstract
Esophageal carcinomas are among the most aggressive cancers as 5-year survival is less than 20%. The alarming increase in the number of cases in the most developed countries highlights the need to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to fight these tumors. Serpin B3 over-expression (SCCA1), a human protein belonging to clade B of the Serine protease inhibitor family (SERPINS), has been identified in patients affected by these carcinomas. Serpin B3 is an already known marker for epithelial tumors such as cervical cancer: its over-expression guarantees survival to chemotherapy treatments, promoting cell proliferation and tissue invasion. Its relevance in lesions associated with Barrett's esophagus is due to an increased risk of carcinogenesis with a poor prognosis, especially due to reduced sensitivity to chemotherapy treatment in patients with over-expression of this protein. The aim of this work is to develop high-affinity antibody tools for Serpin B3 recognition, which can be used in marker detection during early tumor development or, subsequently, potentially applicable to the tumor mass treatment. Using Yeast Surface Display techniques, a library of nanobodies generated by immunization was screened against the target Serpin B3 and expressed on the surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The selection was carried out by repeated cycles of Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS), which allowed enriching the yeast population expressing nanobodies capable of binding Serpin B3. These analyses led to the identification of a series of clones, initially characterized for their binding properties on the yeast surface and subsequently cloned into recombinant expression vectors in Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffii). Once transformed by electroporation, the homologous recombination apparatus of Pichia pastoris promotes genomic integration of the vector, allowing the expression and purification of nanobodies with high yields. The obtained soluble nanobodies were used for biochemical and biophysical analysis characterizing the binding with the antigen.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/60022