This study focuses on the impacts of climate change on temperature values (average, minimum and maximum) and on the resulting potential evapotranspiration values in the area of the lower Venetian plain. This area was chosen because its strong irrigated agricultural vocation makes it necessary to understand future trends in temperatures and evapotranspiration in order to estimate future water availability, thus allowing optimal management in response to such changes. The general objective of the study is therefore to evaluate the presence of trends in temperatures and evapotranspiration values for the future period, simulated by convection-permitted models. The specific objectives are therefore: i) the correction of the distortion of the simulated temperatures, ii) the evaluation of temperature trends for the future period, for two emission scenarios, iii) the evaluation of future evapotranspiration values and their trend. The study in question considers 24 air temperature measurement stations at a height of 2 m of the ARPAV (Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention and Protection of Veneto) from which the historical series (1995-2010) were obtained. From the WGS84 coordinates of these stations and considering the grid point closest to each of them, it was possible to extract the series referring to the "VHR-PRO_IT" projections of the COSMO-CLM model for each station. Specifically, a first series referring to the historical scenario (1995-2005) and a second referring to the future scenario (2010-2070) considering both emission scenarios available in the model (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5), indicated in the fifth Intergovernmental report Panel on Climate Change I.P.C.C.” (AR5). From the comparison between the two series referring to the historical period, ARPAV measurements and CPM model simulation, the distortions of the climate model were evaluated and it was possible to calculate an additive correction factor on a monthly scale for each station and for each of the temperature parameters, to be subsequently applied to the monthly values of future CPM series in order to adapt them based on the distortions detected. To have a more robust estimate of the trend and less subject to interannual variations, the values of interest were averaged with a 15-year moving window which returns a dataset composed of an average value for each year from 2002 to 2063. The averaged simulated temperature values, together with the calculation of the extraterrestrial radiation affecting the study area, are used to calculate the potential evapotranspiration according to the "Hargreaves" equation. Finally, the "Mann-Kendall" non-parametric statistical test and the "Sen" slope estimator are used to understand the existence or otherwise of a statistically significant trend in the data and the extent of this trend. The study highlights the trend towards increasing temperatures, with important increases in minimum temperatures, and consequently an increase in potential evapotranspiration, in both future scenarios. Interesting for this area is the seasonality of the variations, which appear accentuated in the spring and summer seasons.
Questo studio si concentra sugli impatti dei cambiamenti climatici sui valori delle temperature (medie, minime e massime) e sui conseguenti valori di evapotraspirazione potenziale che ne conseguono, nell’area della bassa pianura veneta. Si è scelta quest’area in quanto la sua forte vocazione agricola irrigua rende necessaria la comprensione delle tendenze future di temperature ed evapotraspirazione al fine di stimare la disponibilità idrica futura, permettendone così una gestione ottimale in risposta a tali cambiamenti. L’obiettivo generale dello studio è quindi quello di valutare la presenza di trend nelle temperature e nei valori di evapotraspirazione per il periodo futuro, simulato da modelli a convezione permessa. Gli obiettivi specifici sono quindi: i) la correzione della distorsione delle temperature simulate, ii) la valutazione dei trend nelle temperature per il periodo futuro, per due scenari di emissione, iii) la valutazione dei valori di evapotraspirazione futuri e del loro trend. Lo studio in oggetto considera 24 stazioni di misurazione della temperatura dell’aria a 2 m di altezza dell’ARPAV (Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e Protezione Ambientale del Veneto) dalle quali sono state ricavate le serie storiche (1995-2010). Dalle coordinate WGS84 di queste stazioni e considerando il punto griglia più vicino ad ognuna di esse, è stato possibile estrarre le serie riferite alle proiezioni “VHR-PRO_IT” del modello COSMO-CLM per ogni stazione. Nello specifico una prima serie riferita allo scenario storico (1995- 2005) ed una seconda riferita allo scenario futuro (2010-2070) considerando entrambi gli scenari di emissioni disponibili nel modello (RCP 4.5 ed RCP 8.5), indicati nel quinto rapporto dell’Intergovernal Panel on Climate Change I.P.C.C.” (AR5). Dal confronto tra le due serie riferite al periodo storico, misurazioni ARPAV e simulazione da modello CPM, sono state valutate le distorsioni del modello climatico ed è stato possibile calcolare un fattore correttivo additivo a scala mensile per ogni stazione e per ognuno dei parametri di temperatura, da applicare successivamente ai valori mensili delle serie CPM future al fine di adattarle sulla base delle distorsioni rilevate. Per avere una stima più robusta del trend e meno soggetta alle variazioni interannuali, i valori di interesse sono stati mediati con finestra mobile di 15 anni che restituisce un dataset composto da un valore medio per ogni anno dal 2002 al 2063. I valori mediati di temperatura simulata, unitamente al calcolo della radiazione extraterrestre che interessa l’area di studio, vengono impiegati per calcolare l’evapotraspirazione potenziale secondo l’equazione di “Hargreaves”. Infine, si utilizza il test statistico non parametrico di “Mann-Kendall” e lo stimatore della pendenza di “Sen” per comprendere l’esistenza o meno di una tendenza statisticamente significativa nei dati e l’entità di tale tendenza. Lo studio evidenzia la tendenza all’aumento delle temperature, con incrementi importanti per le temperature minime, e di conseguenza un aumento l’evapotraspirazione potenziale secondo l’equazione di “Hargreaves”. Infine, si utilizza il test statistico non parametrico di “Mann-Kendall” e lo stimatore della pendenza di “Sen” per comprendere l’esistenza o meno di una tendenza statisticamente significativa nei dati e l’entità di tale tendenza. Lo studio evidenzia la tendenza all’aumento delle temperature, con incrementi importanti per le temperature minime, e di conseguenza un aumento dell’evapotraspirazione potenziale, in entrambi gli scenari futuri. Interessante per quest’area è la stagionalità delle variazioni, che appaiono accentuate nella stagione primaverile ed estiva.
Proiezione climatica dell’evapotraspirazione potenziale mediante modellistica ad alta risoluzione: applicazione alla pianura veneta
FREGONA, TOBIA
2022/2023
Abstract
This study focuses on the impacts of climate change on temperature values (average, minimum and maximum) and on the resulting potential evapotranspiration values in the area of the lower Venetian plain. This area was chosen because its strong irrigated agricultural vocation makes it necessary to understand future trends in temperatures and evapotranspiration in order to estimate future water availability, thus allowing optimal management in response to such changes. The general objective of the study is therefore to evaluate the presence of trends in temperatures and evapotranspiration values for the future period, simulated by convection-permitted models. The specific objectives are therefore: i) the correction of the distortion of the simulated temperatures, ii) the evaluation of temperature trends for the future period, for two emission scenarios, iii) the evaluation of future evapotranspiration values and their trend. The study in question considers 24 air temperature measurement stations at a height of 2 m of the ARPAV (Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention and Protection of Veneto) from which the historical series (1995-2010) were obtained. From the WGS84 coordinates of these stations and considering the grid point closest to each of them, it was possible to extract the series referring to the "VHR-PRO_IT" projections of the COSMO-CLM model for each station. Specifically, a first series referring to the historical scenario (1995-2005) and a second referring to the future scenario (2010-2070) considering both emission scenarios available in the model (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5), indicated in the fifth Intergovernmental report Panel on Climate Change I.P.C.C.” (AR5). From the comparison between the two series referring to the historical period, ARPAV measurements and CPM model simulation, the distortions of the climate model were evaluated and it was possible to calculate an additive correction factor on a monthly scale for each station and for each of the temperature parameters, to be subsequently applied to the monthly values of future CPM series in order to adapt them based on the distortions detected. To have a more robust estimate of the trend and less subject to interannual variations, the values of interest were averaged with a 15-year moving window which returns a dataset composed of an average value for each year from 2002 to 2063. The averaged simulated temperature values, together with the calculation of the extraterrestrial radiation affecting the study area, are used to calculate the potential evapotranspiration according to the "Hargreaves" equation. Finally, the "Mann-Kendall" non-parametric statistical test and the "Sen" slope estimator are used to understand the existence or otherwise of a statistically significant trend in the data and the extent of this trend. The study highlights the trend towards increasing temperatures, with important increases in minimum temperatures, and consequently an increase in potential evapotranspiration, in both future scenarios. Interesting for this area is the seasonality of the variations, which appear accentuated in the spring and summer seasons.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/60515