The use of antibiotics in animal production is one of the most discussed aspects of animal husbandry. In particular, national and international guidelines strongly push towards a reduction in their use in all production chains. Such reasons reside mainly in the control of antibiotic-resistance, by reducing the pressure exerted on the environment and the ecosystem by the residues of antibiotics eliminated in the wastewater and containing the presence of residues of these drugs in food. The implementation of the National Plan for Residue Testing (PNR) is the tool to organise official controls to verify compliance with the correct use of these substances, in terms of dosing and withdrawal times, within EU Member States, according to EU Regulation 625/2017. The developments achieved in recent years by some methods based on mass spectrometry have allowed the development of "multi-residue and multi-class" methods, that is, a single analytical protocol to analyze different classes of molecules. The use of these methods in the control of residues of veterinary medicinal products has become an established trend at international level and is also growing in the national laboratories accreditated for official controls. While these methods are intended to enhance the official control of residues by increasing the number of substances detectable simultaneously in the same sample, on the other hand they simplify the management of the laboratories' activity by drastically reducing the number of traditional test methods ("mono-class") in use. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis was to develop and validate a multi-class screening method, based on LC liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass analyzers (TQ) for the determination of different classes of antibiotics, in a nutritionally and commercially important matrix such as eggs. The method developed allows the detection of 81 analytes belonging to 12 different classes of substances at concentrations greater than or equal to 5 µg/kg (dapsone, amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin G and penicillin V) and 10 µg/kg with a single rapid extraction procedure (for all other selected molecules). These values have been chosen on the basis of the maximum residual limits (MRLs) available for these molecules, according to the EU Regulation 37/2010, and ensuring a concentration of ½ MRLs or less or taking as a reference the recommended concentration for analytical methods contained in the "EURL Guidance on Minimum Method Performance Requirements MMPRs (September 2020)". This method has been validated in accordance with EU Regulation 808/2021 for qualitative screening, by evaluating the following parameters: specificity, detection capacity (CCβ) and robustness. The reliability of the method was tested through the participation in a proficiency test organized by an international circuit (FAPAS) and addressed to the detection of the presence of tetracyclines in eggs. Finally, the method has been accredited in accordance with EN ISO/ IEC 17025 to be routinely applied to samples of the monitoring and surveillance plans provided by the PNR, in order to detect the presence of antibiotic residues in eggs.
L’uso di antibiotici nell’ambito delle produzioni animali costituisce uno degli aspetti più discussi della moderna zootecnia. In particolare, le linee guida nazionali ed internazionali spingono fortemente verso una riduzione del loro impiego in tutte le filiere produttive. Tali motivazioni risiedono principalmente nel controllo del fenomeno dell’antibiotico-resistenza, nella riduzione della pressione esercitata sull’ambiente e sull’ecosistema dai residui di antibiotici eliminati nei reflui e nel contenimento della presenza dei residui di questi farmaci negli alimenti. L'attuazione del Piano Nazionale per la ricerca dei Residui (PNR) rappresenta lo strumento per organizzare i controlli ufficiali per verificare il rispetto dell’uso corretto di tali sostanze, in termini di tempi di dosaggio e sospensione, all'interno degli Stati membri dell'UE, secondo il Regolamento UE 625/2017. Gli sviluppi tecnologici raggiunti negli ultimi anni da alcune metodologie basate sulla spettrometria di massa hanno permesso di sviluppare metodi "multi-residuo e multi-classe", ovvero un unico protocollo analitico per analizzare diverse classi di molecole. L’applicazione di tali metodi nel controllo dei residui di farmaci veterinari è ormai un trend consolidato a livello internazionale ed in crescita anche nei laboratori nazionali deputati al controllo ufficiale. Se da un lato questi metodi hanno l’obiettivo di potenziare il controllo ufficiale dei residui, aumentando il numero di sostanze simultaneamente rilevabili nello stesso campione, dall’altro semplificano la gestione dell’attività dei laboratori diminuendo drasticamente il numero di metodi di prova tradizionali (“mono-classe”) in uso. Pertanto, l'obiettivo principale di questa tesi è stato quello di sviluppare e validare un metodo di screening multi-classe, basato su cromatografia liquida LC accoppiata ad analizzatori di massa a triplo quadrupolo (TQ) per la determinazione di diverse classi di antibiotici, in una matrice nutrizionalmente e commercialmente importante come le uova. Il metodo sviluppato consente con un’unica e rapida procedura di estrazione la rilevazione di 81 analiti appartenenti a 12 differenti classi di sostanze a concentrazioni superiori o uguali a 5 µg/kg (dapsone, amossicillina, ampicillina, penicillina G e penicillina V) e 10 µg/kg (per tutte le altre molecole selezionate). Tali valori sono stati scelti sulla base dei limiti massimi residuali (LMR) disponibili per queste molecole, in base al Regolamento UE 37/2010, e garantendo una concentrazione pari a ½ LMR o inferiore ovvero prendendo come riferimento la concentrazione raccomandata per i metodi analitici contenuta nel “EURL Guidance on Minimum Method Performance Requirements MMPRs (settembre 2020)”. Tale metodo è stato validato secondo quanto previsto dal Regolamento UE 808/2021 per gli screening qualitativi, valutando i seguenti parametri: specificità, capacità di rilevazione (CCβ) e robustezza. L’affidabilità del metodo è stata testata attraverso la partecipazione ad un proficiency test organizzato da un circuito internazionale (FAPAS) e indirizzato all’individuazione della presenza di tetracicline nelle uova. Il metodo, infine, è stato accreditato in conformità alla norma EN ISO / IEC 17025 per essere applicato di routine sui campioni dei piani di monitoraggio e sorveglianza previsti dal PNR, al fine di rilevare eventuali presenze di residui di antibiotici nelle uova.
Residui di antibiotici negli alimenti. Sviluppo e validazione di un metodo di screening multiclasse per la ricerca di antibiotici nelle uova mediante cromatografia liquida associata a spettrometria di massa (LC-MSMS)
BOVO, FRANCESCA
2023/2024
Abstract
The use of antibiotics in animal production is one of the most discussed aspects of animal husbandry. In particular, national and international guidelines strongly push towards a reduction in their use in all production chains. Such reasons reside mainly in the control of antibiotic-resistance, by reducing the pressure exerted on the environment and the ecosystem by the residues of antibiotics eliminated in the wastewater and containing the presence of residues of these drugs in food. The implementation of the National Plan for Residue Testing (PNR) is the tool to organise official controls to verify compliance with the correct use of these substances, in terms of dosing and withdrawal times, within EU Member States, according to EU Regulation 625/2017. The developments achieved in recent years by some methods based on mass spectrometry have allowed the development of "multi-residue and multi-class" methods, that is, a single analytical protocol to analyze different classes of molecules. The use of these methods in the control of residues of veterinary medicinal products has become an established trend at international level and is also growing in the national laboratories accreditated for official controls. While these methods are intended to enhance the official control of residues by increasing the number of substances detectable simultaneously in the same sample, on the other hand they simplify the management of the laboratories' activity by drastically reducing the number of traditional test methods ("mono-class") in use. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis was to develop and validate a multi-class screening method, based on LC liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass analyzers (TQ) for the determination of different classes of antibiotics, in a nutritionally and commercially important matrix such as eggs. The method developed allows the detection of 81 analytes belonging to 12 different classes of substances at concentrations greater than or equal to 5 µg/kg (dapsone, amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin G and penicillin V) and 10 µg/kg with a single rapid extraction procedure (for all other selected molecules). These values have been chosen on the basis of the maximum residual limits (MRLs) available for these molecules, according to the EU Regulation 37/2010, and ensuring a concentration of ½ MRLs or less or taking as a reference the recommended concentration for analytical methods contained in the "EURL Guidance on Minimum Method Performance Requirements MMPRs (September 2020)". This method has been validated in accordance with EU Regulation 808/2021 for qualitative screening, by evaluating the following parameters: specificity, detection capacity (CCβ) and robustness. The reliability of the method was tested through the participation in a proficiency test organized by an international circuit (FAPAS) and addressed to the detection of the presence of tetracyclines in eggs. Finally, the method has been accredited in accordance with EN ISO/ IEC 17025 to be routinely applied to samples of the monitoring and surveillance plans provided by the PNR, in order to detect the presence of antibiotic residues in eggs.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/61928