Comprehensive examination of the evolution of solar cell technologies and their performance: a theoretical and experimental study

The present thesis work is situated within a context where the conversion of solar energy into electricity through the photovoltaic (PV) effect has witnessed extraordinary growth, especially in recent decades, emerging as a fundamental pillar in the transition from an economy based on fossil fuels to one based on renewable energy sources. In particular, considerable progress in photovoltaic technology has significantly reduced the cost of energy produced by solar cells, making it increasingly competitive compared to traditional fossil fuels. Therefore, the photovoltaic sector, along with other sustainable energy sources, will play a primary role in addressing the challenges of climate change and global warming in the coming years. With this introduction, the central objective of the thesis was to conduct a practical field study at the MRP company. The comprehensive investigation, carried out for a total period of six months, between June and December 2023, involved the analysis of various types of solar panels available on the market. Each panel was characterized by significantly different construction technologies and specific technical specifications. The primary goal was to evaluate and compare the performance of these modules, aiming to gain a thorough understanding of their evolution and the characteristics that most influence the greater efficiency and performance of photovoltaic panels. The data collection for this study took place during the mentioned period, and IV outdoor tests were conducted on individual modules to verify the differences between the electrical parameters reported in datasheets and those measured after exposure to an outdoor environment. The experimental analysis is complemented by a theoretical section that includes a comprehensive description of the theory underlying the photovoltaic effect, an overview of the various structures and types of solar cells currently available in the market, and a detailed analysis of the fundamental components of photovoltaic modules. Special emphasis is placed on the evolution of these technologies over the years to enhance efficiency and performance. The results of this research can provide interesting information for a deeper understanding of the current state of photovoltaic technology, supported by concrete data and rigorous analysis. These results demonstrate the growing competitiveness of solar energy, underlining the importance of continued investment in renewable energy solutions to ensure a sustainable future.