Exploring Federalism System in Afghanistan: Unveiling Opportunities and Challenges

Centralized political systems in multinational societies and third-world countries usually face serious challenges in the field of power distribution and participation of different groups in governance. In Afghanistan, political turmoil, especially following the collapse of successive regimes, the latest of which occurred in August 2021, has created deep problems for the country's ethnic groups, none of which has an absolute majority. These groups often suffer and are dissatisfied with inequality in power, ignored rights and lack of balanced development. Some experts propose the federalization of Afghanistan as a solution to these problems. This research aims to investigate the potential of federalism as a decentralized political system in resolving tensions and unveiling the challenges and opportunities it faces in Afghanistan. Using the descriptive method and library data analysis, this research has investigated the structural features of Afghan society and has come to the conclusion that federalism can provide social justice and balanced development through the balanced distribution of power between the centre and the states, the transfer of legislative powers to the states. , to provide the ground for the fair presence of all ethnic groups in power, and in this way, have significant potential in resolving tensions and filling the existing gaps in Afghan society. This study shows that federalism can not only help to create an inclusive and just governance but also by strengthening local identities in the framework of national unity, it can become the basis for lasting peace and stability in Afghanistan. Therefore, the current research emphasizes the importance of transitioning from centralized systems to federal structures, which allows different ethnic groups and regions to play an active role in national decision-making while maintaining their cultural and social identity.