This master's thesis aims to investigate autism as a lived and embodied experience, whose understanding requires an interpretative approach that includes psychological, social and cultural dimensions.Through a critical analysis of existing theories and widespread therapeutic practices, the work tries to highlight the experiential dimensions of autism, through a process of active interaction with the participants of the present research, as well as a commitment to the autism communities of reference. In this perspective, the diagnosis of autism cannot be seen as a static label, but as an administrative and hermeneutic category that involves the individual and the context in which he lives in a dynamic process of subjectification. It is therefore essential to critically question how these diagnoses are constructed, how the current knowledge and knowledge process go on to produce the discourses on autism, and what implications they have for the daily and materialized lives of autistic individuals in their heterogeneity. In the first chapter, an overview of the current state of knowledge about autism is offered, exploring how this condition has been understood and represented by the scientific and medical community, analyzing the origins of the diagnosis from Leo Kanner's studies and how these initial definitions have influenced subsequent perceptions and therapeutic approaches. Subsequently, the epistemological foundations of autism will be considered, examining how different disciplines and theoretical therapeutic approaches have sought to understand and manage this condition. To offer a more radical understanding of autistic functioning, the need emerges to investigate the main constructs that outline its academic and scientific knowledge, but also common, current, such as the theory of mind, often used to describe autism as a lack of empathy or understanding of the other, then going to see the alternative lenses of challenge offered by the social movements of disability. The research method involves the use of semi-structured interviews with 20 autistic participants, formally diagnosed or self-identified, and the data analysis was later carried out using the reflective thematic analysis of Braun and Clarke, starting with the transcription and coding of the interviews on ATLAS. Following the elucidation and methodological justification, the results of the analysis are outlined, which brought out four main themes: the experience of alienation, the problem of communication and communicability, the embodied experience of fatigue and artistic expression. Subsequently, the interpretation and discussion of the results, a method inclined to the social and critical phenomenological approach was used, integrating the historical, economic and cultural dimensions of autism, with particular attention to the current mode of sovereignty, for a reflective understanding of the participants' experience. In the concluding paragraph of the limitations of the present research, the study recognizes among the limitations the heterogeneity of the group of participants who mainly represent people with a low level of support. Future perspectives include how future research should continue to explore autism through interdisciplinary lenses, emphasizing the importance of inclusive and participatory approaches in both academic and practical contexts. In conclusion, we consider the practical perspectives of the interpretation that emerged for public policies and future clinical and research practices.
Il presente lavoro di tesi magistrale si propone l’obiettivo di indagare l’autismo come esperienza vissuta e incarnata, la cui comprensione richiede un approccio interpretativo che includa dimensioni psicologiche, sociali e culturali. Attraverso un’analisi critica delle teorie esistenti e delle diffuse pratiche terapeutiche, il lavoro prova a mettere in luce le dimensioni esperienziali dell’autismo, attraverso un processo di interazione attiva con i partecipanti della presente ricerca, oltre che un impegno con le comunità autistiche di riferimento. In questa prospettiva, la diagnosi di autismo non può essere vista come un’etichetta statica, ma come una categoria amministrativa ed ermeneutica che coinvolge l’individuo e il contesto in cui vive in un processo dinamico di soggettivazione. È quindi essenziale interrogarsi criticamente su come queste diagnosi siano costruite, su come l’attuale conoscenza e processo di conoscenza vadano a produrre i discorsi sull’autismo, e su quali implicazioni abbiano per la vita quotidiana e materializzata degli individui autistici nella loro eterogeneità. Nel primo capitolo, si offre una panoramica dello stato attuale delle conoscenze sull’autismo, esplorando come questa condizione sia stata compresa e rappresentata dalla comunità scientifica e medica, analizzando le origini della diagnosi a partire dagli studi di Leo Kanner e come queste definizioni iniziali abbiano influenzato le percezioni e gli approcci terapeutici successivi. In seguito, si prenderanno in considerazione le fondamenta epistemologiche dell’autismo, esaminando come diverse discipline e approcci teorico terapeutici hanno cercato di comprendere e gestire questa condizione. Per offrire una più radicale comprensione del funzionamento autistico, emerge la necessità di indagare i principali costrutti che ne delineano la conoscenza accademica e scientifica, ma anche comune, attuale, quali la teoria della mente, spesso impiegata per descrivere l’autismo come una mancanza di empatia o di comprensione dell’altro, andando poi a vedere le lenti alternative di contestazione offerte dai movimenti sociali della disabilità. Il metodo della ricerca coinvolge l’utilizzo di interviste semi-strutturate a 20 partecipanti autistici, formalmente diagnosticati o auto-identificati, e l’analisi dei dati è stata in seguito effettuata utilizzando l’analisi tematica riflessiva di Braun e Clarke, iniziando con la trascrizione e la codifica delle interviste su ATLAS. In seguito alla delucidazione e giustificazione metodologica, si delineano i risultati dell’ analisi, che hanno fatto emergere quattro principali temi: il vissuto di alienazione, il problema della comunicazione e della comunicabilità, l’esperienza incarnata della fatica e l’espressione artistica. In seguito, l’interpretazione e la discussione dei risultati, è stato utilizzato un metodo incline all’approccio fenomenologico sociale e critico, integrando le dimensioni storiche, economiche e culturali dell’autismo, con particolare attenzione all’attuale modalità di sovranità, per una comprensione riflessiva dell’esperienza dei partecipanti. Nel paragrafo conclusivo delle limitazioni della presente ricerca, lo studio riconosce tra i limiti l’eterogeneità del gruppo di partecipanti che rappresentano principalmente persone con basso livello di supporto. Tra le prospettive future, si indica come la ricerca futura dovrebbe continuare a esplorare l’autismo attraverso lenti interdisciplinari, enfatizzando l'importanza di approcci inclusivi e partecipativi sia nei contesti accademici che pratici. In conclusione, ponderiamo le prospettive pratiche dell’interpretazione emersa per le politiche pubbliche e le pratiche cliniche e di ricerca future.
Autismo Oltre il Patologico: Un’Indagine dall’Epistemologia Medica al Paradigma della Neurodiversità
BUSSON, MARGHERITA
2023/2024
Abstract
This master's thesis aims to investigate autism as a lived and embodied experience, whose understanding requires an interpretative approach that includes psychological, social and cultural dimensions.Through a critical analysis of existing theories and widespread therapeutic practices, the work tries to highlight the experiential dimensions of autism, through a process of active interaction with the participants of the present research, as well as a commitment to the autism communities of reference. In this perspective, the diagnosis of autism cannot be seen as a static label, but as an administrative and hermeneutic category that involves the individual and the context in which he lives in a dynamic process of subjectification. It is therefore essential to critically question how these diagnoses are constructed, how the current knowledge and knowledge process go on to produce the discourses on autism, and what implications they have for the daily and materialized lives of autistic individuals in their heterogeneity. In the first chapter, an overview of the current state of knowledge about autism is offered, exploring how this condition has been understood and represented by the scientific and medical community, analyzing the origins of the diagnosis from Leo Kanner's studies and how these initial definitions have influenced subsequent perceptions and therapeutic approaches. Subsequently, the epistemological foundations of autism will be considered, examining how different disciplines and theoretical therapeutic approaches have sought to understand and manage this condition. To offer a more radical understanding of autistic functioning, the need emerges to investigate the main constructs that outline its academic and scientific knowledge, but also common, current, such as the theory of mind, often used to describe autism as a lack of empathy or understanding of the other, then going to see the alternative lenses of challenge offered by the social movements of disability. The research method involves the use of semi-structured interviews with 20 autistic participants, formally diagnosed or self-identified, and the data analysis was later carried out using the reflective thematic analysis of Braun and Clarke, starting with the transcription and coding of the interviews on ATLAS. Following the elucidation and methodological justification, the results of the analysis are outlined, which brought out four main themes: the experience of alienation, the problem of communication and communicability, the embodied experience of fatigue and artistic expression. Subsequently, the interpretation and discussion of the results, a method inclined to the social and critical phenomenological approach was used, integrating the historical, economic and cultural dimensions of autism, with particular attention to the current mode of sovereignty, for a reflective understanding of the participants' experience. In the concluding paragraph of the limitations of the present research, the study recognizes among the limitations the heterogeneity of the group of participants who mainly represent people with a low level of support. Future perspectives include how future research should continue to explore autism through interdisciplinary lenses, emphasizing the importance of inclusive and participatory approaches in both academic and practical contexts. In conclusion, we consider the practical perspectives of the interpretation that emerged for public policies and future clinical and research practices.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/67245