GENDER INEQUALITY IN IRANIAN WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS INSIDE THE COUNTRY AND ABROAD

This thesis explores the pervasive issue of gender inequality, with a specific focus on Iran and also the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Grounded in the definition of gender equality provided by UNICEF, which emphasizes equal conditions, treatment, and opportunities for both sexes, this research investigates how entrenched social norms, cultural traditions, and institutional structures perpetuate disparities between men and women. The study examines various dimensions of gender inequality, including historical, legal, social, economic, and cultural aspects, providing a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics shaping gender relations and women's experiences in the MENA region. The research highlights the persistent barriers to women's empowerment and full societal participation, which pose significant risks to the socio-economic development and democratic progress of many nations in the region. It delves into the historical roots of gender inequality, the impact of religious interpretations, and the socio-political contexts that further complicate efforts to achieve gender parity. Furthermore, the study scrutinizes the legal frameworks that often reinforce gender disparities, especially in personal status laws, and explores the socio-economic implications of these inequalities. By addressing both general and institutional aspects of gender inequality, this thesis aims to contribute to the academic discourse and inform policy debates on promoting gender justice and women's rights in the Middle East. The findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive strategies that challenge discriminatory norms, advocate for legal reforms, and promote women's empowerment across various sectors. This research ultimately seeks to provide actionable insights and recommendations for fostering inclusive and equitable societies in the Iran and beyond.