Dark trajectories: the Bologna massacre and the possible Libyan involvement

The dissertation, “Dark trajectories: the Bologna massacre and the possible Libyan involvement” provides a comprehensive examination of the Bologna massacre and its alleged perpetrators, with the goal of addressing the continuing lack of definitive convictions. Additionally, it delves into the Libyan connection, aiming to uncover the links between Libya and the Bologna massacre, shedding light on the potential involvement of external actors in this tragic event. Beginning with a nuanced exploration of the definitions of political violence and terrorism, the first chapter navigates the complexities arising from the absence of a universally accepted definition of terrorism. It further examines the classification of terrorism into distinct waves proposed by Rapoport and delves into the historical and political landscape that fostered the emergence of right-wing terrorism in Europe and the United States. The chapter places particular emphasis on the tumultuous years of lead in Italy, providing an overview of left-wing and right-wing terrorism within this context. The second chapter contextualizes the Bologna massacre within the broader historical backdrop of Italy's years of lead. It examines the various right-wing terrorist organizations operating during this period, shedding light on their origins, ideologies, and methods of operation. Additionally, the chapter offers a detailed analysis of the Bologna massacre event and its consequences, while also investigating the suspected involvement of deviant secret services and clandestine organizations like the P2. The third chapter explores the complex web of foreign influences and the convergence of interests that shaped Italian political dynamics during the examined period. It uncovers the involvement of Libya and Muammar Gaddafi in Italian politics, highlighting potential connections between the Ustica massacre and the Bologna massacre, as well as examining the interplay between political, energy, and criminal dynamics. In the final chapter, the thesis summarizes key research findings and reflects on their historical and political implications. This thesis endeavors to meticulously analyze the Bologna massacre and its external connections, shedding light on the intricate web of international influences surrounding this tragic event.