The presence of pain in the human body still represents a vast and complex phenomenon today, and it is the main reason why patients seek out healthcare professionals or doctors. Despite its history being as long as that of humanity, no experimental theory provides us with a comprehensive explanation. It is not enough to simply consider where, when, and why pain is felt; first and foremost, there is a need for hermeneutic-anthropological effort even before scientific inquiry, thoroughly characterizing human expressions. To fully understand the experience of pain, it can be contextualized within a culture, as it provides a way of suffering. This concept would be essential both for research and for clinical practice, as current paradigms of pain, by reconnecting the psychological dimension to the sensory-nociceptive one, grant full dignity to suffering and subjective experience. The complexity mainly lies in differentiation, which provides a clear distinction between two qualitatively different models: pain as a symptom, i.e., the acute phase, and pain as pathology in its chronic phase. Fibromyalgia represents the quintessential clinical condition of chronicity, capable of generating multiple consequences for the person suffering from it in familial, social, and work-related contexts; the difficulty in understanding others' pain often stems from a lack of communication. Even though the latter is still translated through figurative language, the individual appears dissatisfied with how the body is represented in that language. The aim of this work is to provide a general and historical overview of chronic pain, with specifics on fibromyalgia, showing its anthropological interpretation and the therapeutic, care, and rehabilitation context. A narrative literature review was conducted on databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, Qualitative Health Research, and the Journal of Anthropological Research, as well as textbooks authored by experts in the field. Furthermore, data from both primary and secondary studies that could be relevant for this purpose were collected. By synthesizing the results obtained in this review, it is possible to answer some questions, such as diagnostic uncertainty, social recognition of illness, and how the relationship becomes a healing process. Moreover, an attempt is made to explain how medicine and anthropology try to develop a dialogue that could prove fruitful, recognizing how bodily experience and illness can be understood through essential constitutive levels and in a relationship of integration. The process of fighting the disease is facilitated through various strategies, such as seeking support and feeling supported by a group. There are rather high expectations of the healthcare system, particularly regarding the quality of care, the ability to formulate prompt diagnoses, and easy access to consultations. It is necessary to question whether, and especially how, healthcare professionals show an attitude of interest, empathy, and information to best meet patients' needs.
La presenza di dolore nel corpo umano rappresenta, ancora oggi, un fenomeno molto vasto e complesso ed è il motivo principale per cui il paziente si rivolge ad un professionista sanitario o al medico. Nonostante la sua storia sia lunga come quella dell’umanità, nessuna teoria sperimentale ci fornisce una spiegazione esaustiva. Non è sufficiente pensare solamente dove, quando e perchè si prova dolore; innanzitutto si prevede uno sforzo ermeneutico-antropologico ancor prima che scientifico, caratterizzando in maniera completa ed esaustiva le espressioni umane. Per comprendere l’esperienza dolorosa in senso pieno, si può contestualizzarla in una cultura, in quanto essa fornisce una modalità di soffrire. Questo concetto rappresenterebbe un aspetto imprescindibile sia per la ricerca che per la clinica e, ricongiungendo la dimensione psicologica a quella sensoriale-nocicettiva, gli attuali paradigmi del dolore conferiscono piena dignità alla sofferenza e al vissuto soggettivo. La complessità verte principalmente nella differenziazione, la quale fornisce un netto spartiacque tra due modelli qualitativamente diversi: il dolore come sintomo, ovvero la fase acuta, e il dolore come patologia nella sua fase cronica. La fibromialgia rappresenta la condizione clinica per eccellenza della cronicità, in grado di generare molteplici conseguenze per la persona che ne soffre in ambito familiare, sociale e lavorativo; viene spesso riscontrata la fatica della comprensione del dolore altrui deriva anche dalla mancanza di comunicazione. Anche se quest’ultimo viene comunque tradotto, attraverso un linguaggio figurato, il soggetto appare insoddisfatto di come il corpo appare nel linguaggio stesso. L’obiettivo del presente lavoro è quello di fornire una panoramica generale e storica del dolore cronico, con specifiche sulla fibromialgia, mostrandone l’interpretazione antropologica e il contesto terapeutico, di cura e riabilitazione. È stata effettuata una revisione narrativa della letteratura, condotta su database quali Pubmed, Scopus, Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, Qualitative Health Research e Journal of Anthropological Research, oltre a libri di testo di autori esperti nel tema. Inoltre sono stati raccolti dati provenienti sia da studi primari che secondari che potessero essere rilevanti a tale scopo. Sintetizzando i risultati ottenuti in questa revisione, è possibile rispondere ad alcuni interrogativi, quali l’incertezza diagnostica, il riconoscimento sociale dell’infermità e come la relazione diventa processo di cura. Non solo, si prova a spiegare come medicina e antropologia tentino di sviluppare un dialogo che potrebbe rendersi proficuo, riconoscendo come l’esperienza corporea e quella di malattia possano essere comprese attraverso i livelli costitutivi essenziali e in rapporto di integrazione. Il processo di lotta alla malattia viene agevolato attraverso diverse strategie, come la ricerca di appoggio e sentirsi supportati da un gruppo. Ci sono aspettative piuttosto elevate sul sistema sanitario, in particolare riguardo la qualità delle cure, la capacità di elaborare diagnosi agili e facile accesso alle consultazioni. È necessario interrogarci per capire se, ma soprattutto come, i professionisti della salute mostrino un atteggiamento di interesse, empatia e informazione per soddisfare al meglio le richieste dei pazienti.
Gestione del dolore cronico in riabilitazione: la fibromialgia secondo una prospettiva antropologica
MARTIGNON, RICCARDO
2023/2024
Abstract
The presence of pain in the human body still represents a vast and complex phenomenon today, and it is the main reason why patients seek out healthcare professionals or doctors. Despite its history being as long as that of humanity, no experimental theory provides us with a comprehensive explanation. It is not enough to simply consider where, when, and why pain is felt; first and foremost, there is a need for hermeneutic-anthropological effort even before scientific inquiry, thoroughly characterizing human expressions. To fully understand the experience of pain, it can be contextualized within a culture, as it provides a way of suffering. This concept would be essential both for research and for clinical practice, as current paradigms of pain, by reconnecting the psychological dimension to the sensory-nociceptive one, grant full dignity to suffering and subjective experience. The complexity mainly lies in differentiation, which provides a clear distinction between two qualitatively different models: pain as a symptom, i.e., the acute phase, and pain as pathology in its chronic phase. Fibromyalgia represents the quintessential clinical condition of chronicity, capable of generating multiple consequences for the person suffering from it in familial, social, and work-related contexts; the difficulty in understanding others' pain often stems from a lack of communication. Even though the latter is still translated through figurative language, the individual appears dissatisfied with how the body is represented in that language. The aim of this work is to provide a general and historical overview of chronic pain, with specifics on fibromyalgia, showing its anthropological interpretation and the therapeutic, care, and rehabilitation context. A narrative literature review was conducted on databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, Qualitative Health Research, and the Journal of Anthropological Research, as well as textbooks authored by experts in the field. Furthermore, data from both primary and secondary studies that could be relevant for this purpose were collected. By synthesizing the results obtained in this review, it is possible to answer some questions, such as diagnostic uncertainty, social recognition of illness, and how the relationship becomes a healing process. Moreover, an attempt is made to explain how medicine and anthropology try to develop a dialogue that could prove fruitful, recognizing how bodily experience and illness can be understood through essential constitutive levels and in a relationship of integration. The process of fighting the disease is facilitated through various strategies, such as seeking support and feeling supported by a group. There are rather high expectations of the healthcare system, particularly regarding the quality of care, the ability to formulate prompt diagnoses, and easy access to consultations. It is necessary to question whether, and especially how, healthcare professionals show an attitude of interest, empathy, and information to best meet patients' needs.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/69069