The Digital Revolution, characterised by the phenomena of digitalisation and datafication, has led to the creation of Big Data Ecosystems and the establishment of new business organisational models. Digital platforms, acting as intermediaries in the new data-driven economy, represent one of the main characters within this scenario. The study begins by analysing the evolution of digital platforms as hybrid meta-organisations with significant self-regulatory power, affecting not only business practices but also the nature of contracts in the digital era. It highlights how traditional contract principles are challenged by the digital economy, where transactions are increasingly data-driven, and user agreements often obscure the extent of data collection and monetisation. The core of this work examines the legal landscape governing digital platforms, with a particular focus on the doctrine of unjust enrichment. By comparing the European Union’s GDPR framework with the more fragmented U.S. legal approach, the thesis reveals how current regulations struggle to address the complexities of data misuse and privacy violations. The study argues that unjust enrichment offers a potential legal remedy by focusing on the wrongful gain of digital platforms rather than the often-intangible harm suffered by users. Furthermore, the thesis discusses the limitations of existing legal recourse in both the EU and the U.S., highlighting the inadequacies of traditional breach of contract and privacy claims. It calls for a reevaluation of legal frameworks to better address the power imbalances in the digital economy. Finally, acting as an appendix, the thesis explores the role of civil liability and class actions as mechanisms for holding digital platforms accountable. It contrasts the robust class action system in the U.S. with the more restrictive Italian legal options, emphasizing the need for more effective collective redress mechanisms in the face of widespread data misuse. This work ultimately aims to shed light on the legal and ethical challenges posed by digital platforms and to advocate for the development of more comprehensive and effective regulatory frameworks to protect consumer rights in the digital age.
La Rivoluzione Digitale, caratterizzata dai fenomeni di digitalizzazione e datafication, ha portato alla creazione di ecosistemi di Big Data e all'affermazione di nuovi modelli organizzativi aziendali. Le piattaforme digitali, agendo come intermediari nella nuova economia basata sui dati, rappresentano uno dei principali attori in questo scenario. Lo studio inizia analizzando l'evoluzione delle piattaforme digitali come meta-organizzazioni ibride con un significativo potere di autoregolamentazione, che influenzano non solo le pratiche commerciali, ma anche la natura dei contratti nell'era digitale. Viene evidenziato come i principi contrattuali tradizionali siano messi in discussione dall'economia digitale, dove le transazioni sono sempre più basate sui dati e gli accordi con gli utenti spesso oscurano l'entità della raccolta e monetizzazione dei dati. Il cuore di questo lavoro esamina il panorama giuridico che regola le piattaforme digitali, con un particolare focus sulla dottrina dell'arricchimento senza causa. Confrontando il quadro normativo del GDPR dell'Unione Europea con l'approccio giuridico più frammentato degli Stati Uniti, la tesi rivela come le normative attuali fatichino a gestire la complessità dell'uso improprio dei dati e delle violazioni della privacy. Lo studio sostiene che l'arricchimento senza causa offre un potenziale rimedio legale concentrandosi sul guadagno illecito delle piattaforme digitali piuttosto che sul danno, spesso intangibile, subito dagli utenti. Inoltre, la tesi discute le limitazioni dei ricorsi legali esistenti sia nell'UE che negli Stati Uniti, evidenziando le inadeguatezze delle tradizionali azioni legali per inadempimento contrattuale e violazione della privacy. Viene quindi invocata una rivalutazione dei quadri giuridici per affrontare meglio gli squilibri di potere nell'economia digitale. Infine, come appendice, la tesi esplora il ruolo della responsabilità civile e delle azioni collettive come meccanismi per chiamare le piattaforme digitali a rispondere delle loro azioni. Viene messo a confronto il robusto sistema delle class action negli Stati Uniti con le opzioni legali più restrittive in Italia, sottolineando la necessità di meccanismi di risarcimento collettivo più efficaci di fronte ai diffusi abusi di dati. Questo lavoro mira infine a far luce sulle sfide legali ed etiche poste dalle piattaforme digitali e a sostenere lo sviluppo di quadri normativi più completi ed efficaci per proteggere i diritti dei consumatori nell'era digitale.
Digital platform contract theories: ‘unjust enrichment’ through personal data sharing
LIBASCI, GIUSEPPE
2023/2024
Abstract
The Digital Revolution, characterised by the phenomena of digitalisation and datafication, has led to the creation of Big Data Ecosystems and the establishment of new business organisational models. Digital platforms, acting as intermediaries in the new data-driven economy, represent one of the main characters within this scenario. The study begins by analysing the evolution of digital platforms as hybrid meta-organisations with significant self-regulatory power, affecting not only business practices but also the nature of contracts in the digital era. It highlights how traditional contract principles are challenged by the digital economy, where transactions are increasingly data-driven, and user agreements often obscure the extent of data collection and monetisation. The core of this work examines the legal landscape governing digital platforms, with a particular focus on the doctrine of unjust enrichment. By comparing the European Union’s GDPR framework with the more fragmented U.S. legal approach, the thesis reveals how current regulations struggle to address the complexities of data misuse and privacy violations. The study argues that unjust enrichment offers a potential legal remedy by focusing on the wrongful gain of digital platforms rather than the often-intangible harm suffered by users. Furthermore, the thesis discusses the limitations of existing legal recourse in both the EU and the U.S., highlighting the inadequacies of traditional breach of contract and privacy claims. It calls for a reevaluation of legal frameworks to better address the power imbalances in the digital economy. Finally, acting as an appendix, the thesis explores the role of civil liability and class actions as mechanisms for holding digital platforms accountable. It contrasts the robust class action system in the U.S. with the more restrictive Italian legal options, emphasizing the need for more effective collective redress mechanisms in the face of widespread data misuse. This work ultimately aims to shed light on the legal and ethical challenges posed by digital platforms and to advocate for the development of more comprehensive and effective regulatory frameworks to protect consumer rights in the digital age.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/70280