Konar Sandal Sud, a site dated to the 3rd millennium BC, was a vast proto-urban center located in the province of Kerman, in southeastern Iran. Recent research on the archaeological site and the Mahtoutabad necropolis has revealed the existence of a complex civilization, often referred to as the Halil Rud or Jiroft culture, probably mentioned in Mesopotamian cuneiform documents as the ancient polity of Marhashi. This project proposes a preliminary bioarchaeological research on a limited number of anthropological remains from tombs illegally excavated during mass clandestine digs conducted about 25 years ago, thus delving into some crucial aspects of the individual history of a small segment of the local population during the Early Bronze Age. Using a multidisciplinary approach based on histomorphometric, isotopic, and proteomic analysis, a sample of 13 teeth has been selected, recovered from the 3rd millennium BC necropolises of Hookerd, Rigambar, and Mahtoutabad, all located near Konar Sandal Sud and the present-day town of Jiroft. For each tooth, a thin section was created following classic methodologies of histological cutting of non-demineralized tissues; subsequently, histomorphometric analysis of each section was conducted. The analysis of incremental enamel structures, such as cross striations and Retzius lines, allowed the calculation of Crown Formation Times and, in infant samples, chronological age at death, while the prevalence of Accentuated Lines, associated with physiological stress events, allowed estimation of the individual's health status during childhood. Analysis of the 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratio and trace elements (Sr, Ba, Zn, Mg, Pb and proxies for possible diagenesis such as REE, U, and Mn) along enamel profiles, chronologically calibrated relative to the individual's life through histomorphometric analysis, performed by laser ablation mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-(MC)MS), allowed reconstruction of individuals' mobility and diet during early childhood, as well as providing information about the process of dental enamel mineralization. Integration of biogeochemical data with histomorphometric data provided a more comprehensive understanding of the individual's life, correlating specific moments of existence with a precision otherwise unattainable, close to a week of life. Finally, analysis of amelogenin - a protein present in dental enamel - performed using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) will identify the biological sex of the individuals to whom the teeth belonged. The results obtained in this work have enriched our knowledge of the population of the Konar Sandal site, shedding new light on some key topics of bioarchaeological research, such as mobility, resource exploitation, and health status.
Konar Sandal Sud, sito datato al III millennio a.C., fu un vasto centro proto-urbano situato nella provincia di Kerman, nell'Iran sudorientale. Recenti ricerche sul sito archeologico e sulla necropoli di Mahtoutabad hanno rivelato l’esistenza di una complessa civiltà, spesso denominata come cultura dell'halil Rud o di Jiroft e probabilmente menzionata nei documenti cuneiformi mesopotamici come l'antica polity di Marhashi. Questo progetto propone una preliminare ricerca di carattere bioarcheologico su un numero limitato di resti antropologici provenienti da tombe illegalmente scavate nel corso di scavi clandestini di massa effettuati circa 25 anni fa, approfondendo in tal modo alcuni aspetti cruciali della storia individuale di un ristretto segmento della popolazione locale durante la prima Età del Bronzo. Utilizzando un approccio multidisciplinare basato su un’analisi istomorfometrica, isotopica e proteomica, è stato infatti selezionato un campione di 13 denti, rinvenuti nelle necropoli del III millennio a. C. di Hookerd, Rigambar e Mahtoutabad, tutte situate nei pressi di Konar Sandal Sud e dell’attuale cittadina di Jiroft. Per ogni dente è stata creata una sezione sottile seguendo le classiche metodologie di taglio istologico di tessuti non demineralizzati; successivamente, è stata condotta un'analisi istomorfometrica di ciascuna sezione L'analisi delle strutture incrementali dello smalto, quali cross striations e striae of Retzius, ha permesso il calcolo dei tempi di formazione delle corone (Crown Formation Time) e, nei campioni infantili, dell'età cronologica alla morte, mentre la prevalenza di Linee Accentuate (Accentuated Lines) dello smalto, associabili a eventi di stress fisiologico, ha consentito di stimare lo stato di salute dell'individuo durante l'infanzia. L'analisi del rapporto isotopico 87Sr/86Sr e degli elementi in traccia (Sr, Ba, Zn, Mg, Pb e i proxy dell’eventuale presenza di diagenesi quali REE, U e Mn) lungo i profili dello smalto, calibrati cronologicamente rispetto alla vita dell’individuo tramite l’analisi istomorfometrica, eseguiti mediante spettrometria di massa basata su laser ablation (LA-ICP-(MC)MS), ha permesso di ricostruire la mobilità e la dieta degli individui durante la prima infanzia, oltre che fornire informazioni circa il processo di mineralizzazione dello smalto dentale. L’integrazione dei dati biogeochimici con quelli istomorfometrici, ha fornito una comprensione più completa della vita dell'individuo, in quanto correlabili a momenti specifici della sua esistenza con una precisione, altrimenti irraggiungibile, prossima ad una settimana di vita. Infine, l’analisi dell’amelogenina - una proteina presente nello smalto dentale - eseguita in spettrometria di massa a cromatografia liquida (LC-MS/MS) permetterà di identificare il sesso biologico degli individui ai quali i denti appartenevano. I risultati ottenuti in questo lavoro hanno permesso di arricchire sulla popolazione del sito di Konar Sandal, aprendo uno spiraglio, sinora inedito, su alcuni argomenti cardine della ricerca bioarcheologica, quali la mobilità, lo sfruttamento delle risorse e lo stato di salute.
From teeth to tales: investigating histological, proteomic, geochemical signatures in dental remains from Jiroft culture necropolises (Iran, 3rd millennium BC)
STEFANI, CLAUDIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Konar Sandal Sud, a site dated to the 3rd millennium BC, was a vast proto-urban center located in the province of Kerman, in southeastern Iran. Recent research on the archaeological site and the Mahtoutabad necropolis has revealed the existence of a complex civilization, often referred to as the Halil Rud or Jiroft culture, probably mentioned in Mesopotamian cuneiform documents as the ancient polity of Marhashi. This project proposes a preliminary bioarchaeological research on a limited number of anthropological remains from tombs illegally excavated during mass clandestine digs conducted about 25 years ago, thus delving into some crucial aspects of the individual history of a small segment of the local population during the Early Bronze Age. Using a multidisciplinary approach based on histomorphometric, isotopic, and proteomic analysis, a sample of 13 teeth has been selected, recovered from the 3rd millennium BC necropolises of Hookerd, Rigambar, and Mahtoutabad, all located near Konar Sandal Sud and the present-day town of Jiroft. For each tooth, a thin section was created following classic methodologies of histological cutting of non-demineralized tissues; subsequently, histomorphometric analysis of each section was conducted. The analysis of incremental enamel structures, such as cross striations and Retzius lines, allowed the calculation of Crown Formation Times and, in infant samples, chronological age at death, while the prevalence of Accentuated Lines, associated with physiological stress events, allowed estimation of the individual's health status during childhood. Analysis of the 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratio and trace elements (Sr, Ba, Zn, Mg, Pb and proxies for possible diagenesis such as REE, U, and Mn) along enamel profiles, chronologically calibrated relative to the individual's life through histomorphometric analysis, performed by laser ablation mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-(MC)MS), allowed reconstruction of individuals' mobility and diet during early childhood, as well as providing information about the process of dental enamel mineralization. Integration of biogeochemical data with histomorphometric data provided a more comprehensive understanding of the individual's life, correlating specific moments of existence with a precision otherwise unattainable, close to a week of life. Finally, analysis of amelogenin - a protein present in dental enamel - performed using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) will identify the biological sex of the individuals to whom the teeth belonged. The results obtained in this work have enriched our knowledge of the population of the Konar Sandal site, shedding new light on some key topics of bioarchaeological research, such as mobility, resource exploitation, and health status.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/70318