Diet plays a crucial role in aging and longevity, influencing both health and lifespan through evolutionary conserved biological mechanisms. Moderate dietary restriction (DR) without malnutrition has long been recognized for its potential to extend lifespan and delay the onset of age-related diseases. Recent research has highlighted that amino acid (AA) availability is now known to be central in mediating the effects of DR, with specific AA sensing pathways mediating their effects on metabolism, stress resistance, and cellular maintenance. One key player in this process is the General Control Nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) protein, which is sensitive to AA deprivation and stress. Especially when essential AAs are scarce, GCN2 phosphorylates the translation initiation factor eIF2α, a crucial step that reduces global protein synthesis but selectively enhances the production of stress response proteins that protect against AA insufficiency. The aim of this project was to elucidate the role of GCN2 and eIF2α in maintaining lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster under phenylalanine (Phe) restriction. Lifespan experiments revealed that flies lacking GCN2 or eIF2α exhibit significantly shorter lifespans than wild type controls under severe Phe restriction, highlighting the critical roles of both proteins in maintaining lifespan in this stress conditions. Because of their central role in regulating protein synthesis, proteomic data were analysed, focusing on differential protein expression between wild-type and GCN2-knockout flies under Phe deprivation. This revealed significant enrichment in processes related to AA metabolism, cellular stress response, and protein folding, reflecting adaptive changes to nutrient scarcity. Specifically, we identified 33 upregulated and 56 downregulated proteins that required GCN2 for differential expression in response to Phe deprivation, pointing to a coordinated response aimed at conserving energy and enhancing stress resilience. Notably, the upregulation of Larval Serum Protein 2 (Lsp2) in wild-type flies, but not GCN2 nulls, suggests it has role as an essential reservoir for Phe, crucial for sustaining functions during adult Phe deprivation. This research supports a model where GCN2 mediates adaptive strategies to preserve lifespan by activating autophagy and utilizing stored AAs, thus elucidating new mechanisms for GCN2 and eIF2α in managing nutrient stress.
La dieta gioca un ruolo cruciale nell'invecchiamento, influenzando sia la salute che la durata della vita attraverso meccanismi biologici evolutivamente conservati. Una restrizione calorica moderata che non sfoci in malnutrizione è da tempo riconosciuta per il suo potenziale nel prolungare la durata della vita e ritardare l'insorgenza di malattie legate all'invecchiamento. Ricerche recenti hanno evidenziato che la disponibilità di amminoacidi (AA) è centrale nella mediazione degli effetti della restrizione calorica, stimolando specifiche vie metaboliche coinvolte nella resistenza allo stress e nel mantenimento cellulare. Un ruolo chiave in questo processo è detenuto dalla proteina "General Control Nonderepressible 2" (GCN2), che è sensibile alla carenza di AA. In particolare, quando gli AA essenziali sono scarsi, GCN2 fosforila il fattore di inizio traduzione eIF2α, un passaggio cruciale che riduce la sintesi proteica globale ma potenzia selettivamente la produzione di proteine di risposta allo stress che proteggono dall'insufficienza di AA. Lo scopo di questo progetto era quello di chiarire il ruolo di GCN2 ed eIF2α nel mantenere la longevità di Drosophila melanogaster sotto restrizione di fenilalanina (Phe). Gli esperimenti sulla longevità hanno rivelato che knockout di GCN2 o eIF2α determinano una vita significativamente più breve rispetto ai controlli wild type in condizioni di severa restrizione di Phe, evidenziando i ruoli critici di entrambe le proteine nel mantenere la longevità in queste condizioni di stress. A causa del loro ruolo centrale nella regolazione della sintesi proteica, sono stati analizzati dati proteomici, concentrandosi sull'espressione differenziale delle proteine tra soggetti wild-type e knockout di GCN2 sotto deprivazione di Phe. Questo ha rivelato un arricchimento significativo in processi legati al metabolismo degli AA, alla risposta cellulare allo stress e al ripiegamento proteico, riflettendo cambiamenti adattativi alla scarsità di nutrienti. In particolare, abbiamo identificato 33 proteine sovra-espresse e 56 proteine con espressione ridotta in soggetti wild type (con presenza di GCN2) in risposta alla deprivazione di Phe, suggerendo una risposta coordinata volta a conservare energia e migliorare la resilienza allo stress. Degno di nota, l'aumento dell'espressione della Larval Serum Protein 2 (Lsp2) nei moscerini wild-type, ma non nei mutanti con GCN2 knocked-out, suggerisce un ruolo di questa proteina come riserva essenziale di Phe, cruciale per sostenere le funzioni vitali durante la deprivazione di Phe. Questa ricerca supporta un modello in cui GCN2 media strategie adattative per preservare la vita attivando meccanismi come l'autofagia e utilizzando gli AA immagazzinati, chiarendo così nuovi meccanismi tramite cui GCN2 ed eIF2α agiscono nella gestione dello stress nutrizionale.
The Impact of GCN2 on Lifespan and Proteomic Changes in Drosophila Under Phenylalanine Deprivation
FORTE, MATTEO
2023/2024
Abstract
Diet plays a crucial role in aging and longevity, influencing both health and lifespan through evolutionary conserved biological mechanisms. Moderate dietary restriction (DR) without malnutrition has long been recognized for its potential to extend lifespan and delay the onset of age-related diseases. Recent research has highlighted that amino acid (AA) availability is now known to be central in mediating the effects of DR, with specific AA sensing pathways mediating their effects on metabolism, stress resistance, and cellular maintenance. One key player in this process is the General Control Nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) protein, which is sensitive to AA deprivation and stress. Especially when essential AAs are scarce, GCN2 phosphorylates the translation initiation factor eIF2α, a crucial step that reduces global protein synthesis but selectively enhances the production of stress response proteins that protect against AA insufficiency. The aim of this project was to elucidate the role of GCN2 and eIF2α in maintaining lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster under phenylalanine (Phe) restriction. Lifespan experiments revealed that flies lacking GCN2 or eIF2α exhibit significantly shorter lifespans than wild type controls under severe Phe restriction, highlighting the critical roles of both proteins in maintaining lifespan in this stress conditions. Because of their central role in regulating protein synthesis, proteomic data were analysed, focusing on differential protein expression between wild-type and GCN2-knockout flies under Phe deprivation. This revealed significant enrichment in processes related to AA metabolism, cellular stress response, and protein folding, reflecting adaptive changes to nutrient scarcity. Specifically, we identified 33 upregulated and 56 downregulated proteins that required GCN2 for differential expression in response to Phe deprivation, pointing to a coordinated response aimed at conserving energy and enhancing stress resilience. Notably, the upregulation of Larval Serum Protein 2 (Lsp2) in wild-type flies, but not GCN2 nulls, suggests it has role as an essential reservoir for Phe, crucial for sustaining functions during adult Phe deprivation. This research supports a model where GCN2 mediates adaptive strategies to preserve lifespan by activating autophagy and utilizing stored AAs, thus elucidating new mechanisms for GCN2 and eIF2α in managing nutrient stress.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/70782