This thesis investigates the pseudotachylytes (solidified friction melts produced during seismic faulting) located in the South-Alpine domain of the western Alps along a cross section towards the Canavese Lineament. The pseudotachylytes crop out between the localities of Varallo and Scopetta, along the Sesia river. In the study area, an impressive number of pseudotachylytes are present within exhumed lower crustal Permian rocks. The pseudotachylytes include both thin veins (mm-cm thick) and giant veins (up to 1 m thick). Their origin and the geodynamic context of formation of these pseudotachylytes remain debated. To contribute to understanding better these fault rocks, the thesis analyses the pseudotachylyte distribution and kinematics, the relationships between shear zones, pseudotachylyte-bearing faults, and other brittle faults in two selected outcrops referred to as “Varallo B” and “Ponte Dinelli A”. The field investigation has revealed three types of overprinting structures, from the oldest to the youngest: (i) mylonites and mylonite-pseudotachylyte associations; (ii) brittle faults marked by cataclasites and pseudotachylytes (including giant pseudotachylytes); and (iii) late-stage faults associated with veins filled with quartz, epidote, and chlorite. In the Varallo B outcrop, the orientation of and kinematics of the different sets of pseudotachylytes yields a sub-horizontal shortening direction (~N325°), consistent with the Alpine shortening. Two types of giant pseudotachylytes (pseudotachylyte-supported breccia and thick homogeneous pseudotachylyte veins) were found only within 1 km of distance from the Canavese Line. These pseudotachylytes are inferred to be Alpine in age since they have an orientation subparallel to that of the Canavese Line (NW dip). Their formation post-dated exhumation and alteration of the lower crustal rocks at shallow crustal depths (<12 km) as indicated by the occurrence, in the pseudotachylyte matrix, of altered (greenschist-facies) host rock clasts and vescicles/amygdalae. In the Balmuccia peridotite it was possible to estimate the offset associated with one of the giant pseudotachylytes to ~8 m. This suggests that the giant pseudotachylytes were generated during large-magnitude earthquakes (Mw > 7.5).
Questa tesi studia le pseudotachiliti (fusi solidificati prodotti dall’ attrito durante la fagliazione sismica) situate nel dominio Sud-Alpino delle Alpi occidentali, lungo una sezione trasversale alla Linea del Canavese. Le pseudotachiliti si trovano tra le località di Varallo e Scopetta, lungo il fiume Sesia. Nell'area di studio, un numero impressionante di pseudotachiliti è presente all'interno di rocce Permiane esumate dalla crosta inferiore. Le pseudotachiliti comprendono sia vene sottili (spessore di mm-cm) che vene giganti (spessore fino a 1 m). L’origine e il contesto geodinamico della formazione di queste pseudotachiliti restano dibattuti. Per contribuire a una migliore comprensione di queste rocce di faglia, la tesi analizza la distribuzione e la cinematica delle pseudotachiliti, le relazioni tra le zone di taglio, le pseudotachiliti e altre faglie formatesi in regime fragile in due affioramenti selezionati, denominati “Varallo B” e “Ponte Dinelli A”. L'indagine sul terreno ha rivelato tre tipi di strutture sovrapposte, dalla più antica alla più recente: (i) miloniti e associazioni milonite-pseudotachilite; (ii) faglie fragili composte da cataclasiti e pseudotachiliti (comprese le pseudotachiliti giganti); e (iii) faglie di fase tardiva associate a vene riempite di quarzo, epidoto e clorite. Nel giacimento di Varallo B, l'orientamento e la cinematica di diverse famiglie di pseudotachiliti produce una direzione di accorciamento sub-orizzontale (~N325°), coerente con l'accorciamento alpino. Due tipi di pseudotachiliti giganti (breccia sostenuta da pseudotachiliti e spesse vene omogenee di pseudotachiliti) sono stati trovati solo entro 1 km di distanza dalla Linea del Canavese. Si deduce che queste pseudotachiliti abbiano un'età alpina, poiché hanno un orientamento subparallelo a quello della Linea del Canavese (immersione verso NW). La loro formazione è successiva all'esumazione e all'alterazione delle rocce crostali inferiori a basse profondità (<12 km), come indicato dalla presenza, nella matrice delle pseudotachiliti, di clasti di rocce ospiti alterate (in facies scisti verdi) e di vescicole/amigdale. Nella peridotite di Balmuccia è stato possibile stimare un rigetto associato a una delle pseudotachiliti giganti di ~8 m. Ciò suggerisce che le pseudotachiliti giganti siano state generate durante terremoti di grande magnitudo (Mw > 7,5).
Pseudotachylyte bearing faults in the Ivrea zone (Valsesia, Western Alps)
D'IPPOLITO, GIANLUCA
2023/2024
Abstract
This thesis investigates the pseudotachylytes (solidified friction melts produced during seismic faulting) located in the South-Alpine domain of the western Alps along a cross section towards the Canavese Lineament. The pseudotachylytes crop out between the localities of Varallo and Scopetta, along the Sesia river. In the study area, an impressive number of pseudotachylytes are present within exhumed lower crustal Permian rocks. The pseudotachylytes include both thin veins (mm-cm thick) and giant veins (up to 1 m thick). Their origin and the geodynamic context of formation of these pseudotachylytes remain debated. To contribute to understanding better these fault rocks, the thesis analyses the pseudotachylyte distribution and kinematics, the relationships between shear zones, pseudotachylyte-bearing faults, and other brittle faults in two selected outcrops referred to as “Varallo B” and “Ponte Dinelli A”. The field investigation has revealed three types of overprinting structures, from the oldest to the youngest: (i) mylonites and mylonite-pseudotachylyte associations; (ii) brittle faults marked by cataclasites and pseudotachylytes (including giant pseudotachylytes); and (iii) late-stage faults associated with veins filled with quartz, epidote, and chlorite. In the Varallo B outcrop, the orientation of and kinematics of the different sets of pseudotachylytes yields a sub-horizontal shortening direction (~N325°), consistent with the Alpine shortening. Two types of giant pseudotachylytes (pseudotachylyte-supported breccia and thick homogeneous pseudotachylyte veins) were found only within 1 km of distance from the Canavese Line. These pseudotachylytes are inferred to be Alpine in age since they have an orientation subparallel to that of the Canavese Line (NW dip). Their formation post-dated exhumation and alteration of the lower crustal rocks at shallow crustal depths (<12 km) as indicated by the occurrence, in the pseudotachylyte matrix, of altered (greenschist-facies) host rock clasts and vescicles/amygdalae. In the Balmuccia peridotite it was possible to estimate the offset associated with one of the giant pseudotachylytes to ~8 m. This suggests that the giant pseudotachylytes were generated during large-magnitude earthquakes (Mw > 7.5).File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/71074