Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic disorder with multiple contributing factors, presenting both motor and non-motor symptoms. The exact causes of PD are not completely understood, but both environmental and genetic factors are believed to increase the likelihood of the disease. A key player in PD development is α-Synuclein (Syn) in its aggregated form. Syn mutations can affect its oligomerization and fibrillation, thus raising the probability of developing PD. Particularly harmful are the mutations found in the N-terminal region of the protein, that can lead to either early-onset (A30P, E46K, A53T) or late-onset (H50Q) PD. The neurotoxicity resulting from the protein aggregation is primarily due to the soluble oligomeric forms of Syn, which disrupt cellular homeostasis and heighten oxidative stress. Lately, great interest has arisen on factors that can increase the tendency of Syn to aggregate and influence the toxicity of the species produced. Therefore, an important factor is the evaluation of the propensity of Syn to be digested in vivo and produce truncated forms. Previous works showed that the deletion of residues 2–11 of Syn significantly delays the protein aggregation, resulting in the generation of fibrils with a morphology different from that of fibrils produced by the whole protein. Furthermore, in Parkinsonism, excess misfolded Syn could overwhelm the proteasome degradation system, resulting in truncated protein production and its accumulation in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. A crucial protease is thrombin (Thb), which has pro-coagulant, pro-inflammatory, and pro-apoptotic effects. Thb plays a direct role in inflammatory responses characteristic of many neurodegenerative diseases, but the mechanism is not yet fully understood. Furthermore, Thb has been associated with injury modulation and progression of PD. In fact, inhibiting Thb improves motor function and decreases oxidative stress in PD animal models. In this project, we decided to focus our attention on the study of a truncated version (7-140) of Syn produced by the means of Thb in vitro. We also extended our study to the effect of Thb on Syn mutants. We focused on the involvement of Thb in the initial state of aggregation of Syn. The study was performed by biochemical and biophysical methods, providing evidence that the presence of Thb induces the generation of a unique truncated form of Syn corresponding to the sequence 7-140, although to different extents in different mutants. Aggregation studies of 7-140 Syn were also conducted in to evaluate its ability to aggregate alone and in the presence of already formed Syn fibrils. A comprehensive study of the differential ability of Thb to interact with Syn and mutants could lead to a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease. Our findings could provide new insights into the role of Thb in the interaction with Syn, offering novel perspectives on the molecular mechanisms underlying PD and potential therapeutic targets.
La malattia di Parkinson (PD) è un disturbo cronico con molteplici fattori contributivi, che presenta sia sintomi motori che non motori. Le cause esatte del PD non sono completamente comprese, ma si ritiene che fattori ambientali e genetici aumentino la probabilità di sviluppare la malattia. Un elemento chiave nello sviluppo della PD è l’α-sinucleina (Syn) nella sua forma aggregata. Le mutazioni della Syn possono influenzarne l’oligomerizzazione e la fibrillazione, aumentando così la probabilità di sviluppare il PD. Particolarmente dannose sono le mutazioni riscontrate nella regione N-terminale della proteina, che possono portare a PD ad esordio precoce (A30P, E46K, A53T) o tardivo (H50Q). La neurotossicità derivante dall'aggregazione proteica è dovuta principalmente alle forme oligomeriche solubili di Syn, che alterano l'omeostasi cellulare e aumentano lo stress ossidativo. Recentemente è cresciuto l'interesse verso fattori che possono aumentare la tendenza di Syn ad aggregarsi e influenzare la tossicità delle specie prodotte. Pertanto, un fattore importante è la valutazione della propensione di Syn a essere digerita in vivo e di produrre forme troncate. Studi precedenti hanno dimostrato che la mancanza dei residui 2-11 di Syn ritarda significativamente l'aggregazione della proteina, portando alla formazione di fibrille con una morfologia diversa rispetto a quelle prodotte dalla proteina intera. Inoltre, nel parkinsonismo, l'eccesso di Syn misfolded potrebbe sovraccaricare il sistema di degradazione del proteasoma, con conseguente produzione di proteine troncate e il loro accumulo nei mitocondri e nel reticolo endoplasmatico. Una proteasi cruciale è la trombina (Thb), che ha effetti pro-coagulanti, pro-infiammatori e pro-apoptotici. La Thb svolge un ruolo cruciale nelle risposte infiammatorie, caratteristiche di molte malattie neurodegenerative, ma il meccanismo non è ancora completamente compreso. Inoltre, sembra avere un ruolo anche nella progressione di PD. Infatti, l'inibizione della Thb migliora la funzione motoria e riduce lo stress ossidativo nei modelli animali di PD. Pertanto, abbiamo deciso di concentrare la nostra attenzione sullo studio di una versione troncata (7-140) di Syn prodotta in vitro tramite l’azione della Thb. Abbiamo inoltre esteso il nostro studio all'effetto della Thb sui mutanti di Syn. Ci siamo focalizzati sul coinvolgimento della Thb nello stato iniziale di aggregazione di Syn. Lo studio è stato eseguito mediante metodi biochimici e biofisici, dimostrando che Thb induce la formazione di un’unica forma troncata di Syn, corrispondente alla sequenza 7-140, sebbene la resa di proteolisi sia diversa nei diversi mutanti analizzati. Sono stati inoltre condotti studi di aggregazione della Syn 7-140 per valutarne la capacità di aggregarsi da sola e in presenza di fibrille già formate di Syn. Uno studio completo della capacità della Thb di interagire con Syn ed i suoi mutanti potrebbe portare a una comprensione più approfondita della patogenesi della malattia, specialmente per quanto riguarda il ruolo della Thb nell'aggregazione con Syn, aiutando a capire i meccanismi molecolari alla base di PD e potenziali bersagli terapeutici.
Conformational and aggregation properties of an N-truncated form of α-synuclein
SCAPIN, VITTORIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic disorder with multiple contributing factors, presenting both motor and non-motor symptoms. The exact causes of PD are not completely understood, but both environmental and genetic factors are believed to increase the likelihood of the disease. A key player in PD development is α-Synuclein (Syn) in its aggregated form. Syn mutations can affect its oligomerization and fibrillation, thus raising the probability of developing PD. Particularly harmful are the mutations found in the N-terminal region of the protein, that can lead to either early-onset (A30P, E46K, A53T) or late-onset (H50Q) PD. The neurotoxicity resulting from the protein aggregation is primarily due to the soluble oligomeric forms of Syn, which disrupt cellular homeostasis and heighten oxidative stress. Lately, great interest has arisen on factors that can increase the tendency of Syn to aggregate and influence the toxicity of the species produced. Therefore, an important factor is the evaluation of the propensity of Syn to be digested in vivo and produce truncated forms. Previous works showed that the deletion of residues 2–11 of Syn significantly delays the protein aggregation, resulting in the generation of fibrils with a morphology different from that of fibrils produced by the whole protein. Furthermore, in Parkinsonism, excess misfolded Syn could overwhelm the proteasome degradation system, resulting in truncated protein production and its accumulation in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. A crucial protease is thrombin (Thb), which has pro-coagulant, pro-inflammatory, and pro-apoptotic effects. Thb plays a direct role in inflammatory responses characteristic of many neurodegenerative diseases, but the mechanism is not yet fully understood. Furthermore, Thb has been associated with injury modulation and progression of PD. In fact, inhibiting Thb improves motor function and decreases oxidative stress in PD animal models. In this project, we decided to focus our attention on the study of a truncated version (7-140) of Syn produced by the means of Thb in vitro. We also extended our study to the effect of Thb on Syn mutants. We focused on the involvement of Thb in the initial state of aggregation of Syn. The study was performed by biochemical and biophysical methods, providing evidence that the presence of Thb induces the generation of a unique truncated form of Syn corresponding to the sequence 7-140, although to different extents in different mutants. Aggregation studies of 7-140 Syn were also conducted in to evaluate its ability to aggregate alone and in the presence of already formed Syn fibrils. A comprehensive study of the differential ability of Thb to interact with Syn and mutants could lead to a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease. Our findings could provide new insights into the role of Thb in the interaction with Syn, offering novel perspectives on the molecular mechanisms underlying PD and potential therapeutic targets.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/73504