Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare hereditary metabolic disease that, if left untreated, is a condition potentially detrimental to the physical and cognitive health of sufferers. This condition is caused by an error in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) that prevents the normal conversion of the amino acid phenylalanine (Phe) to tyrosine (Tyr). Without timely treatment, phenylalanine accumulates in the blood, crossing the blood-brain barrier and increasing the risk of causing severe brain damage. Despite the innovative therapies discovered in recent years, the treatment of choice is still dietary therapy, based on controlling protein intake combined with amino acid supplementation. Thanks to neonatal screening and early diagnosis, treatment is started in the first days of life. The role of parents is essential in the management of this condition: they are primarily responsible for diet therapy, monitoring phenylalanine levels and planning regular outpatient visits. In the literature, few studies have addressed the association between the psychological well-being of paediatric PKU patients and the psychological well-being of their caregivers. In particular, despite the growing number of studies on family involvement, they very often refer mainly to the mother figure, as she is generally indicated as the primary caregiver in child care. To date, there is no study conducted on paternal engagement in the management of the treatment of children with PKU. The aim of the present research is to investigate if and how paternal engagement can influence the psychological wellbeing of young patients (N=29), aged between 6 and 12 years, affected by PKU and followed at the Hereditary Metabolic Diseases Unit of the Padua Hospital, as well as to investigate some psychological experiences of their fathers (N=30). In particular, in the children their quality of life, disease-related anxiety and intolerance to uncertainty were measured. In the fathers, parental stress, depression, anxiety and engagement were investigated. A qualitative as well as a quantitative method was used to study paternal engagement with questions created ad hoc, with the intention of giving the fathers the freedom to express their point of view. The quality of life of the young patients is generally good, with a mild impact of the disease in 57% of the children. The children's anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty were also within the normal range; similarly, most fathers did not report clinical levels of parental stress, anxiety and depression. The fathers' responses also revealed a good perceived involvement, despite a great variability of responses, denoting some difficulties in the paternal parental role. Comparing the psychological variables of patients following diet therapy with patients not following it, significant differences emerged in parental stress, children's quality of life, illness-related anxiety and intolerance to uncertainty. Furthermore, correlations emerged between psychological variables of fathers and children. Finally, it was shown that mean phe values, parental stress and paternal engagement could predict the quality of life of children with PKU.
La fenilchetonuria (PKU) è una malattia metabolica ereditaria rara che, se non trattata, costituisce una condizione potenzialmente lesiva per salute fisica e cognitiva dei pazienti che ne sono affetti. Questa patologia è causata da un errore dell'enzima fenilalanina idrossilasi (PAH) che impedisce la normale conversione dell'amminoacido fenilalanina (Phe) in tirosina (Tyr). In assenza di cure tempestive, la fenilalanina si accumula nel sangue, passando la barriera ematoencefalica e aumentando il rischio di causare gravi danni cerebrali. Nonostante le terapie innovative scoperte negli ultimi anni, il trattamento d’elezione è, ancora oggi, la terapia dietetica, basata su un controllo dell’apporto proteico combinata con il supplemento di integratori amminoacidici. Grazie allo screening neonatale e ad una diagnosi precoce, la cura viene iniziata nei primi giorni di vita. Il ruolo dei genitori è essenziale nella gestione di questa patologia: sono i principali responsabili della dietoterapia, del monitoraggio dell’andamento dei valori di fenilalanina e della pianificazione delle periodiche visite ambulatoriali. In letteratura, pochi studi si sono interrogati in merito all’associazione tra il benessere psicologico dei pazienti pediatrici con PKU e il benessere psicologico dei loro caregiver. In particolare, nonostante il crescente numero di studi sul coinvolgimento familiare, molto spesso fanno riferimento principalmente alla figura materna, poiché generalmente viene indicata come caregiver primario nella cura dei figli. Ad oggi non è presente alcuno studio condotto sull’engagement paterno nella gestione del trattamento di bambini affetti da PKU. La presente ricerca ha l’obiettivo di indagare se e come l'engagement paterno possa influenzare il benessere psicologico dei piccoli pazienti (N=29), di età compresa tra 6 e 12 anni, affetti da PKU e seguiti presso l’UOC Malattie Metaboliche Ereditarie dell’Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, oltre che approfondire alcuni vissuti psicologici dei loro padri (N=30). In particolare, nei bambini è stata misurata la loro qualità di vita, l’ansia legata alla malattia e l’intolleranza all’incertezza. Nei padri sono stati indagati lo stress genitoriale, la depressione, l’ansia e l’engagement. Per studiare il coinvolgimento paterno è stato utilizzato un metodo sia qualitativo che quantitativo con domande create ad hoc, con l’intenzione di lasciare ai padri la libertà di esprimere il loro punto di vista. La qualità di vita dei piccoli pazienti è generalmente buona, con un impatto lieve della malattia nel 57% dei bambini. Anche l’ansia e l’intolleranza all’incertezza dei bambini sono risultate nella norma; allo stesso modo la maggior parte dei padri non ha riportato livelli clinici di stress genitoriale, ansia e depressione. Dalle risposte dei padri è emerso, inoltre, un buon coinvolgimento percepito, nonostante una grande variabilità di risposte, che denotano alcune difficoltà nel ruolo genitoriale paterno. Confrontando le variabili psicologiche di pazienti che seguono una dietoterapia con pazienti che non la seguono, sono emerse differenze significative nello stress genitoriale, nella qualità di vita dei bambini, nell’ansia legata alla malattia e nell’intolleranza all’incertezza. Inoltre, sono emerse correlazioni tra variabili psicologiche dei padri e dei figli. In ultimo, si è mostrato come i valori di phe media, lo stress genitoriale e l’engagement paterno potessero predire la qualità di vita dei bambini con la PKU.
LA FENILCHETONURIA IN ETÀ PEDIATRICA: IMPATTO DELLA MALATTIA NELLA VITA QUOTIDIANA DEL BAMBINO E L’ENGAGEMENT PATERNO
GAZZERA, ANNA
2023/2024
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare hereditary metabolic disease that, if left untreated, is a condition potentially detrimental to the physical and cognitive health of sufferers. This condition is caused by an error in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) that prevents the normal conversion of the amino acid phenylalanine (Phe) to tyrosine (Tyr). Without timely treatment, phenylalanine accumulates in the blood, crossing the blood-brain barrier and increasing the risk of causing severe brain damage. Despite the innovative therapies discovered in recent years, the treatment of choice is still dietary therapy, based on controlling protein intake combined with amino acid supplementation. Thanks to neonatal screening and early diagnosis, treatment is started in the first days of life. The role of parents is essential in the management of this condition: they are primarily responsible for diet therapy, monitoring phenylalanine levels and planning regular outpatient visits. In the literature, few studies have addressed the association between the psychological well-being of paediatric PKU patients and the psychological well-being of their caregivers. In particular, despite the growing number of studies on family involvement, they very often refer mainly to the mother figure, as she is generally indicated as the primary caregiver in child care. To date, there is no study conducted on paternal engagement in the management of the treatment of children with PKU. The aim of the present research is to investigate if and how paternal engagement can influence the psychological wellbeing of young patients (N=29), aged between 6 and 12 years, affected by PKU and followed at the Hereditary Metabolic Diseases Unit of the Padua Hospital, as well as to investigate some psychological experiences of their fathers (N=30). In particular, in the children their quality of life, disease-related anxiety and intolerance to uncertainty were measured. In the fathers, parental stress, depression, anxiety and engagement were investigated. A qualitative as well as a quantitative method was used to study paternal engagement with questions created ad hoc, with the intention of giving the fathers the freedom to express their point of view. The quality of life of the young patients is generally good, with a mild impact of the disease in 57% of the children. The children's anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty were also within the normal range; similarly, most fathers did not report clinical levels of parental stress, anxiety and depression. The fathers' responses also revealed a good perceived involvement, despite a great variability of responses, denoting some difficulties in the paternal parental role. Comparing the psychological variables of patients following diet therapy with patients not following it, significant differences emerged in parental stress, children's quality of life, illness-related anxiety and intolerance to uncertainty. Furthermore, correlations emerged between psychological variables of fathers and children. Finally, it was shown that mean phe values, parental stress and paternal engagement could predict the quality of life of children with PKU.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/74065