Antibiotics are used in animal husbandry practices to treat bacterial infections and control their spread in animal populations. However, these practices can contribute to the emergence and transmission of antibiotic resistance, with significant repercussions not only for animal health but also for human health. This study was conducted in short supply chain poultry farms, i.e., medium-small production facilities that handle a limited number of animals with few production and commercial steps. Poultry farming, in general, plays a significant role in the transmission of resistance genes; however, knowledge about the level of resistance in this type of short supply chain farming is limited. The objective of this thesis project was to evaluate the prevalence and abundance of resistance genes (ARGs) in short supply chain poultry farms located in northeastern Italy, in order to trace these genes throughout the entire production chain to identify their possible sources. In particular, the genes oqxA, oqxB, qnrS, qnrA, and qnrB were assessed. These genes can confer resistance to a class of antibiotics widely used in both veterinary and human medicine for gastrointestinal, urinary, and other bacterial infections. The class in question is fluoroquinolones, broad-spectrum antibiotics that act on DNA gyrase and topoisomerase, thus inhibiting bacterial replication and transcription. The study involved sampling at various stages of the production chain, both on the farm and later at the slaughterhouse. Specifically, fecal samples were collected on the farm, while at the slaughterhouse, animal carcasses from the aforementioned farms and the surfaces of the environment were sampled before and after the group's slaughter, using sponges. At the slaughterhouse, the caeca from the same animals were also collected and later processed in the laboratory to collect fecal material using swabs. From all the collected samples, total DNA was extracted using commercial kits following the manufacturer's instructions. Once the extractions were completed, the selected resistance genes were identified and quantified using Real-Time PCR. Each sample was tested in triplicate for each assay. Out of 109 total samples, the most frequently detected genes were qnrS and oqxA, which showed significantly higher prevalence compared to the others. This result could be related to the spread of these genes through mobile plasmids and their role in resistance to antibiotics commonly used both in poultry farming and in agricultural environments. Other genes, such as qnrB, were found in only a few samples, suggesting a possible low presence in these farms. The collected data indicate that the animal itself, through matrices such as feces and intestines, could serve as the primary vector for the transmission of these genes. The temporal analysis showed variations in the prevalence of the genes across the different sampling stages, reinforcing the hypothesis that factors such as farm management and sanitary practices could influence the spread of resistance genes.
Gli antibiotici sono utilizzati nella pratica zootecnica per trattare le infezioni batteriche e controllarne la diffusione nelle popolazioni animali. Tuttavia, queste pratiche possono contribuire all’insorgenza e trasmissione dell’antibiotico-resistenza con importanti ripercussioni non solo sulla salute degli animali, ma anche sulla salute umana. Questo studio è stato svolto in allevamenti avicoli a filiera corta, ovvero produzioni di medie-piccole dimensioni che producono un numero contenuto di capi con limitati passaggi produttivi e commerciali. L’allevamento avicolo in generale gioca un ruolo significativo nella trasmissione dei geni di resistenza; tuttavia, la conoscenza sul livello di resistenza in questa tipologia di allevamenti a filiera corta è limitato. L’obiettivo del presente progetto di tesi è stato valutare la prevalenza di geni di resistenza (ARG) in allevamenti avicoli a filiera corta distribuiti nel nord-est Italia al fine di tracciare questi geni lungo tutta la filiera. In particolare, sono stati valutati i geni oqxA, oqxB, qnrS, qnrA e qnrB in grado di conferire resistenza ad una classe antibiotica largamente utilizzata sia in medicina veterinaria che umana, per infezioni gastrointestinali, urinarie e altre patologie batteriche. La classe in questione sono i fluorochinoloni, antibiotici a largo spettro che agiscono sulle DNA girasi e topoisomerasi inibendo così la replicazione e la trascrizione batterica. Lo studio prevedeva un campionamento in diverse fasi della filiera di produzione, ovvero sia in allevamento che successivamente al macello. In particolare, in allevamento sono stati prelevati campioni di feci mentre al macello, tramite l’uso di spugnette, sono state campionate le carcasse degli animali provenienti dai suddetti allevamenti e le superfici dell’ambiente, prima e dopo la macellazione del gruppo. In macello, sono stati prelevati anche i ciechi dagli stessi animali, che son stati in seguito processati in laboratorio per raccogliere materiale fecale tramite tampone. Da tutti i campioni raccolti è stata eseguita l’estrazione del DNA totale utilizzando kit commerciali seguendo le istruzioni del produttore. Una volta ultimate le estrazioni, si è proceduto con l’identificazione e la quantificazione dei geni di resistenza selezionati mediante Real-Time PCR. Ogni campione è stato testato in triplicato per ogni saggio. Su 109 campioni totali, i geni più frequentemente rilevati sono stati qnrS e oqxA, che hanno mostrato una prevalenza significativamente più alta rispetto agli altri. Tale risultato potrebbe essere legato alla diffusione di questi geni tramite plasmidi mobili e al loro ruolo nella resistenza agli antibiotici comunemente utilizzati sia nell'allevamento avicolo che in ambiente agricolo. Altri geni, come qnrB, sono stati trovati solo in pochi campioni, suggerendo una possibile scarsa presenza in questi allevamenti. I dati raccolti indicano che l'animale stesso, attraverso le feci, potrebbe fungere da principale vettore per la trasmissione di questi geni. Siccome l'analisi temporale ha mostrato variazioni nelle prevalenze dei geni tra le diverse fasi di campionamento, si rafforza l'ipotesi che fattori come la gestione dell'allevamento e le pratiche sanitarie possano influenzare la diffusione dei geni di resistenza.
Rilievo di geni di resistenza ai fluorochinoloni in allevamenti a filiera corta
GAZZETTA, FRANCESCO
2023/2024
Abstract
Antibiotics are used in animal husbandry practices to treat bacterial infections and control their spread in animal populations. However, these practices can contribute to the emergence and transmission of antibiotic resistance, with significant repercussions not only for animal health but also for human health. This study was conducted in short supply chain poultry farms, i.e., medium-small production facilities that handle a limited number of animals with few production and commercial steps. Poultry farming, in general, plays a significant role in the transmission of resistance genes; however, knowledge about the level of resistance in this type of short supply chain farming is limited. The objective of this thesis project was to evaluate the prevalence and abundance of resistance genes (ARGs) in short supply chain poultry farms located in northeastern Italy, in order to trace these genes throughout the entire production chain to identify their possible sources. In particular, the genes oqxA, oqxB, qnrS, qnrA, and qnrB were assessed. These genes can confer resistance to a class of antibiotics widely used in both veterinary and human medicine for gastrointestinal, urinary, and other bacterial infections. The class in question is fluoroquinolones, broad-spectrum antibiotics that act on DNA gyrase and topoisomerase, thus inhibiting bacterial replication and transcription. The study involved sampling at various stages of the production chain, both on the farm and later at the slaughterhouse. Specifically, fecal samples were collected on the farm, while at the slaughterhouse, animal carcasses from the aforementioned farms and the surfaces of the environment were sampled before and after the group's slaughter, using sponges. At the slaughterhouse, the caeca from the same animals were also collected and later processed in the laboratory to collect fecal material using swabs. From all the collected samples, total DNA was extracted using commercial kits following the manufacturer's instructions. Once the extractions were completed, the selected resistance genes were identified and quantified using Real-Time PCR. Each sample was tested in triplicate for each assay. Out of 109 total samples, the most frequently detected genes were qnrS and oqxA, which showed significantly higher prevalence compared to the others. This result could be related to the spread of these genes through mobile plasmids and their role in resistance to antibiotics commonly used both in poultry farming and in agricultural environments. Other genes, such as qnrB, were found in only a few samples, suggesting a possible low presence in these farms. The collected data indicate that the animal itself, through matrices such as feces and intestines, could serve as the primary vector for the transmission of these genes. The temporal analysis showed variations in the prevalence of the genes across the different sampling stages, reinforcing the hypothesis that factors such as farm management and sanitary practices could influence the spread of resistance genes.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Tesi_Gazzetta_Francesco.pdf
embargo fino al 22/10/2027
Dimensione
1.03 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.03 MB | Adobe PDF |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/74743