Major depressive disorder is one of the most widespread and debilitating mental illnesses in the world with a consequent impact on the economic budget of individual nations. According to the ESEMeD study (European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorder), the lifetime prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder in Italy is 11.4% with a female prevalence of 14.9% vs. male gender by 7.2%. The World Health Organization (WHO) states that individuals suffering from depression increased by 18% in the period between 2005 and 2015 and it is expected that this psychiatric pathology will be destined to be the first cause of expenditure healthcare by 2030. To date, it emerges that the most effective treatments for depression are pharmacological treatment combined with integration with cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy. Everything is evaluated by the clinical specialist depending on the general clinical picture, the type of depressive disorder and its severity. However, the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this psychiatric disease is still incomplete and for this reason the available pharmacological treatments have notable limitations, as well as side effects. Despite the availability of these therapies, there is growing interest in complementary interventions that can improve treatment outcomes. Among these, exercise has received particular attention for its potential to reduce depressive symptoms. The findings indicate that exercise, particularly aerobic exercise and resistance training, is associated with a significant reduction in depressive symptoms. The beneficial effects appear to be mediated by various biological and psychological mechanisms, including increased levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine, reduction of systemic inflammation, and improvement of self-esteem and perception of personal well-being. Furthermore, exercise has been shown to be a safe and well-tolerated intervention, with a lower side effect profile than traditional pharmacological treatments. However, long-term adherence represents a significant challenge, and targeted strategies to increase patient motivation and engagement are essential to maximize therapeutic benefits.
Il disturbo depressivo maggiore è una delle malattie mentali più diffuse e debilitanti al mondo con conseguente impatto sul bilancio economico delle singole nazioni. Secondo lo studio ESEMeD (European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorder), la prevalenza del Disturbo Depressivo Maggiore in Italia, nell'arco della vita è dell'11,4% con una prevalenza nel genere femminile di 14,9% vs genere maschile di 7,2%. L’Organizzazione Mondiale della Salute (OMS) afferma che gli individui che soffrono di depressione sono aumentati del 18% nell’arco di tempo compreso tra il 2005 e il 2015 e si prevede che questa patologia psichiatrica sarà destinata ad essere la prima causa di spesa sanitaria entro il 2030. Ad oggi emerge che le cure per la depressione più efficaci sono il trattamento farmacologico abbinato all’integrazione con la psicoterapia cognitivo-comportamentale. Il tutto viene valutato dal clinico specialista a seconda del quadro clinico generale, della tipologia di disturbo depressivo e della sua gravità. La comprensione dei meccanismi fisiopatologici che stanno alla base di questa malattia psichiatrica è però ancora incompleta e anche per questo i trattamenti farmacologici disponibili hanno notevoli limitazioni, oltre che effetti collaterali. Nonostante la disponibilità di queste terapie, esiste un interesse crescente per interventi complementari che possano migliorare gli esiti del trattamento. Tra questi, l'esercizio fisico ha ricevuto particolare attenzione per il suo potenziale nel ridurre i sintomi depressivi. I risultati indicano che l'esercizio fisico, in particolare l'esercizio aerobico e il training di resistenza, è associato a una significativa riduzione dei sintomi depressivi. Gli effetti benefici sembrano essere mediati da vari meccanismi biologici e psicologici, tra cui l'incremento dei livelli di neurotrasmettitori come la serotonina e la dopamina, la riduzione dell'infiammazione sistemica, e il miglioramento dell'autostima e della percezione del benessere personale. Inoltre, l'esercizio fisico si è dimostrato un intervento sicuro e ben tollerato, con un profilo di effetti collaterali inferiore rispetto ai trattamenti farmacologici tradizionali. Tuttavia, l'adesione a lungo termine rappresenta una sfida significativa, e strategie mirate per aumentare la motivazione e l'engagement dei pazienti sono essenziali per massimizzare i benefici terapeutici.
IL RUOLO DELL’ATTIVITA' FISICA NEL TRATTAMENTO DEL DISTURBO DEPRESSIVO MAGGIORE: UNA REVISIONE DELLA LETTERATURA
DE POLI, GIOVANNI
2023/2024
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is one of the most widespread and debilitating mental illnesses in the world with a consequent impact on the economic budget of individual nations. According to the ESEMeD study (European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorder), the lifetime prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder in Italy is 11.4% with a female prevalence of 14.9% vs. male gender by 7.2%. The World Health Organization (WHO) states that individuals suffering from depression increased by 18% in the period between 2005 and 2015 and it is expected that this psychiatric pathology will be destined to be the first cause of expenditure healthcare by 2030. To date, it emerges that the most effective treatments for depression are pharmacological treatment combined with integration with cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy. Everything is evaluated by the clinical specialist depending on the general clinical picture, the type of depressive disorder and its severity. However, the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this psychiatric disease is still incomplete and for this reason the available pharmacological treatments have notable limitations, as well as side effects. Despite the availability of these therapies, there is growing interest in complementary interventions that can improve treatment outcomes. Among these, exercise has received particular attention for its potential to reduce depressive symptoms. The findings indicate that exercise, particularly aerobic exercise and resistance training, is associated with a significant reduction in depressive symptoms. The beneficial effects appear to be mediated by various biological and psychological mechanisms, including increased levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine, reduction of systemic inflammation, and improvement of self-esteem and perception of personal well-being. Furthermore, exercise has been shown to be a safe and well-tolerated intervention, with a lower side effect profile than traditional pharmacological treatments. However, long-term adherence represents a significant challenge, and targeted strategies to increase patient motivation and engagement are essential to maximize therapeutic benefits.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/75136