Evidence from the Multi-Item Localization (MILO) task suggests that when searching for a target in a sequence of items, our visual system can map and remember the locations of previously selected items. This mechanism is so effective, that previously visited items have no effect on current search because their locations are not re-analyzed but are directly ignored. The MILO task requires subjects to click in ascending order on 8 items on the screen that could remain or vanish according to two conditions: in the “vanish” condition the items on the screen disappear as soon as they are selected, while in the “remain” condition the items remain visible on the screen even being clicked. Analyzing the serial reaction time (SRT), a close overlap between vanish and remain STR has been observed by researchers: the interpretation suggests that participants are able to ignore the locations they’ve previously visited, not going back to old targets, because an “inhibitory tagging” or “memory for location” must be operating. The mechanism of “inhibitory tagging” or “memory for location” rely on central cognitive resources. We know this because the close overlap breaks down both in individuals diagnosed with vascular cognitive impairment and using a “mixed” condition where two sequences need to be alternated. The purpose of the current work is to use Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to target areas that are known to be involved with inhibitory processes during search, investing if the overlap between vanish and remain SRT functions breaks down when the targeted area is fatigued using Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS). The candidate areas for the stimulation are the frontal eye fields (FEF), implicated in remembering “where” objects are during visual search: neurons in the frontal eye fields keep track of which items have been examined in search and could be the source of feedback that creates the “inhibitory tagging” seen in parietal cortex. We assume that fatiguing areas involved in “inhibitory tagging” using TMS, we would not observe a reduction in SRT in the remain condition because, as the selected targets increase, their position would not be inhibited. This work will be useful not only to increase knowledge of the neural basis involved in “inhibitory tagging” but will also provide further suggestions about the mechanism.
Evidenze dall’utilizzo del Multi Item Localization (MILO) task suggeriscono che, durante la ricerca di un target entro una sequenza di più item, il nostro sistema visivo è in grado di mappare e ricordare la posizione degli item precedentemente selezionati. Tale meccanismo è così efficiente da fare in modo che gli item selezionati non abbiano effetto sulla ricerca corrente, in quanto le loro posizioni non vengono prese nuovamente in analisi, ma vengono direttamente ignorate. Il MILO task richiede ai soggetti di cliccare in ordine crescente 8 elementi presenti sullo schermo che permangono o svaniscono secondo due condizioni: nella condizione “vanish” gli elementi presenti sullo schermo scompaiono appena vengono selezionati, mentre nella condizione “remain” gli elementi restano visibili sullo schermo anche dopo essere stati cliccati. Analizzando i tempi di reazione seriali (SRT), è stata osservata una sovrapposizione tra i SRT vanish e remain: l’interpretazione suggerisce che i partecipanti siano in grado di ignorare le posizioni precedentemente esaminate, non focalizzando nuovamente l’attenzione sui vecchi target, grazie ad un meccanismo di “tagging inibitorio” o “memoria della posizione”. Il meccanismo di “tagging inibitorio” o di “memoria di localizzazione” fa affidamento alle risorse cognitive centrali. Questo è dimostrato dal fatto che non si osserva la sovrapposizione tra i SRT vanish e remain sia in persone con disturbi cognitivi di origine vascolare, sia presentando una condizione “mixed” in cui due sequenze devono essere alternate. Il progetto attuale prevede l’applicazione della Stimolazione Magnetica Transcranica (TMS) sulle aree coinvolte nel tagging inibitorio durante la ricerca visiva, indagando se la sovrapposizione tra le funzioni dei SRT vanish e remain si riduca quando l’area target è inibita usando Stimolazione Magnetica Transcranica Ripetitiva (rTMS). Le aree candidate per la stimolazione sono i campi frontali oculari (FEF), implicati nel ricordare “dove” siano gli oggetti durante la ricerca visiva: i neuroni dei campi frontali oculari sembrano in grado di mantenere traccia di quali item sono già stati esaminati e potrebbero rappresentare la fonte del feedback che crea il segnale di “tagging inibitorio” visibile nella corteccia parietale. Ipotizziamo che, inibendo tramite TMS aree coinvolte nel “tagging inibitorio”, non si osservi la classica riduzione dei SRT nella condizione remain poiché, all’aumentare dei target selezionati, la loro posizione non verrebbe più inibita. Tale studio permette non solo una maggiore conoscenza delle basi neurali coinvolte nel “tagging inibitorio”, ma potrebbe fornire nuove evidenze su tale meccanismo.
Basi neurali del tagging inibitorio in un compito di ricerca visiva seriale: uno studio con Stimolazione Magnetica Transcranica
FRITTOLI, ALESSIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Evidence from the Multi-Item Localization (MILO) task suggests that when searching for a target in a sequence of items, our visual system can map and remember the locations of previously selected items. This mechanism is so effective, that previously visited items have no effect on current search because their locations are not re-analyzed but are directly ignored. The MILO task requires subjects to click in ascending order on 8 items on the screen that could remain or vanish according to two conditions: in the “vanish” condition the items on the screen disappear as soon as they are selected, while in the “remain” condition the items remain visible on the screen even being clicked. Analyzing the serial reaction time (SRT), a close overlap between vanish and remain STR has been observed by researchers: the interpretation suggests that participants are able to ignore the locations they’ve previously visited, not going back to old targets, because an “inhibitory tagging” or “memory for location” must be operating. The mechanism of “inhibitory tagging” or “memory for location” rely on central cognitive resources. We know this because the close overlap breaks down both in individuals diagnosed with vascular cognitive impairment and using a “mixed” condition where two sequences need to be alternated. The purpose of the current work is to use Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to target areas that are known to be involved with inhibitory processes during search, investing if the overlap between vanish and remain SRT functions breaks down when the targeted area is fatigued using Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS). The candidate areas for the stimulation are the frontal eye fields (FEF), implicated in remembering “where” objects are during visual search: neurons in the frontal eye fields keep track of which items have been examined in search and could be the source of feedback that creates the “inhibitory tagging” seen in parietal cortex. We assume that fatiguing areas involved in “inhibitory tagging” using TMS, we would not observe a reduction in SRT in the remain condition because, as the selected targets increase, their position would not be inhibited. This work will be useful not only to increase knowledge of the neural basis involved in “inhibitory tagging” but will also provide further suggestions about the mechanism.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/75236